Many Europes Choice and Chance in Western Civilization Ist Edition By Paul Dutton And Suzanne – Test Bank
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Chapter 3
Hellenistic Ages: Achievements and Anxieties
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Alexandria
became the great commercial city and symbol of the vibrant cosmopolitanism of
the Hellenistic or
2. Persian-like
Ages of Greece and Egypt.
3. Greek-like
Ages of the Near East.
4. Mesopotamian-like
Age of Greece.
5. broadly
Egyptian Ages of the eastern Mediterranean.
Answer: b
Page: 72
2. How
did the Hellenistic Age differ from the Hellenic period?
3. The
Hellenistic Age was grounded in the poleis of Greece.
4. The
Hellenic period was defined by Persian culture.
5. Hellenistic
culture was more cosmopolitan and less grounded in the poleis of Greece.
6. The
Hellenic world was defined by the Greek control of the Near East.
Answer: c
Page: 72
3. The
Greek mercenary who wrote the Anabasis was
4. Cyrus.
5. Pericles.
6. Themistocles.
7. Xenophon.
Answer: d
Page: 74
4. At
the end of the Corinthian War in 387 BCE, what power imposed a peace on Greece?
5. Persia
6. Egypt
7. Sparta
8. Macedon
Answer: a
Page: 74
5. What
was the key to Philip of Macedon’s success in uniting all of Greece under his
control?
6. his
alliance with the ruler of Persia against the Greeks
7. his
youth spent as a hostage in Thebes
8. the
continuing disunity of the Greek city-states
9. the
commercial wealth he obtained through his conquest of the Phoenicians
Answer: c
Page: 74
6. One
of the first Athenians to find Philip of Macedon’s aggression alarming and who
penned a series of speeches called the Philippics was
the
7. prosperous
furniture maker Isocrates.
8. orator
Demosthenes.
9. naval
commander Themistocles.
10.
wealthy aristocrat Ptolemy.
Answer: b
Page: 75
7. Why
did the orator Isocrates support Philip’s conquest of Greece?
8. Isocrates
believed that Persia posed a greater threat than Philip to the future
well-being of Greece.
9. Philip
bribed Isocrates with gold from the Thracian mines Philip had conquered.
10.
Isocrates wanted to become a more famous and powerful orator
than his rival Demosthenes.
11.
Isocrates harkened back to the glories of the Golden Age and
Athenian independence.
Answer: a
Page: 76
8. Philip
of Macedon’s grand agenda after the conquest of Greece was to
9. destroy
the Phoenicians.
10.
conquer Persia.
11.
eliminate the poleis from Greece.
12.
colonize the western Mediterranean.
Answer: b
Page: 77
9. One
of Philip of Macedon’s greatest achievements was the
10.
conquest of the Thracian gold mines, which ensured the wealth of
Greece until the rise of Rome.
11.
creation of the Hellenic confederacy and lenient treatment of
Athens after the war.
12.
creation of the most powerful and dynamic army in Greece.
13.
patronage of the great philosopher Aristotle, whom he hired as a
tutor for his son Alexander.
Answer: c
Page: 77
10.
How did Hellenistic Greek culture differ from that of classical
Greece?
11.
Hellenistic culture had a greater focus on order, perfection,
and civic identity.
12.
Hellenistic culture had less interest in drama, comedy, and philosophy.
13.
Hellenistic culture had a greater concentration on collective or
universal human values.
14.
Hellenistic culture focused more on particularism and
individualism.
Answer: d
Page: 77
11.
Classical Greek tragedy likely disappeared after the
Peloponnesian War because of
12.
a lack of Athenian interest in examining themselves or their
troubled times.
13.
Philip of Macedon’s decree banning the performance of tragedies
in Athens.
14.
the condemnation of tragic plays by philosophers such as
Socrates.
15.
the rising popularity of comedies like the plays of
Aristophanes.
Answer: a
Page: 78
12.
What characteristic did Socrates and Euripides share that typed
them both as transitional figures between Golden Age and Hellenistic Greece?
13.
love of philosophy
14.
Macedonian patronage
15.
individualism
16.
acerbic wit
Answer: c
Page: 78
13.
Many Athenians thought Socrates was a dangerous nuisance in
Athens because
14.
he was a staunch supporter of democracy at a time when most
Athenians had lost faith in it.
15.
Aristophanes’ play The
Clouds destroyed his reputation in Athens.
16.
he doubted the value of democracy and questioned all accepted
truths.
17.
he presided over a school called “the Thinkery.”
Answer: c
Page: 79
14.
What was the Socratic method of teaching?
15.
asking questions and drawing forth answers from students and
others
16.
asking questions that produced positive answers based on
traditional morality
17.
reading the classic works of Golden Age Greece and discussing
them
18.
seeking the truth through the logical sequence of the syllogism
Answer: a
Page: 79
15.
The primary mission of Plato’s Academy was to
16.
educate future scholars.
17.
create moving works of art filled with unforgettable characters.
18.
foster a more cosmopolitan culture in Athens.
19.
train statesmen.
Answer: d
Page: 80
16.
Among the characteristics that mark Plato as an early
Hellenistic thinker is his
17.
rejection of the philosophy of the Ideas or Forms.
18.
cosmopolitan focus and his drive to achieve synthesis.
19.
insistence that we can only discover truth, justice, and beauty
through studying the material world.
20.
preference for democracy over other forms of government.
Answer: b
Page: 80
17.
Aristotle’s school was known as the
18.
Academy.
19.
Agora.
20.
Lyceum.
21.
Stoa.
Answer: c
Page: 80
18.
Compared to Socrates and Plato, Aristotle had a greater interest
in
19.
natural philosophy or science.
20.
literature, especially tragedy.
21.
fostering democracy in Athens.
22.
blurring the distinction between Greeks and barbarians.
Answer: a
Page: 80
19.
Which of the following most contributed to the anxieties of
Greeks in the early Hellenistic Ages?
20.
the increasing power of the polis
21.
the loss of religious belief
22.
life in insular communities with little outside influence
23.
the need to look after oneself, spiritually and materially
Answer: d
Page: 81
20.
Why is Hippocrates considered the first scientific physician?
21.
Hundreds of shrines to him were erected, including at Epidaurus
and Pergamum.
22.
He sought to discover physical causes for physical ailments.
23.
He worked to destroy the cult of Asclepius, the god of healing.
24.
Socrates in his final words called upon his followers to turn to
Hippocrates.
Answer: b
Page: 82
21.
Alexander the Great’s career spanned the period between
22.
336 BCE and 323 BCE.
23.
460 BCE and 337 BCE.
24.
300 BCE and 337 BCE.
25.
336 and 300 BCE.
Answer: a
Page: 82
22.
What was the primary reason that Alexander the Great invaded
Persia?
23.
to avenge his father’s assassination
24.
to make an example of Persia and thus deter any further Greek
resistance to his power
25.
to obtain gold to replenish his treasuries
26.
to repeat the symbolic deeds of the heroes and gods of the Greek
past
Answer: c
Page: 83
23.
Among the places Alexander conquered, besides Persia, were
24.
Egypt, Spain, and Carthage.
25.
Phoenicia, Gaza, and Egypt.
26.
Gaza, Italy, and Phoenicia.
27.
Tyre, Gaza, and Dacia.
Answer: b
Page: 84
24.
Alexander’s final defeat of Darius took place in 331 at
25.
Gaugamela.
26.
Issus.
27.
Tyre.
28.
Babylon.
Answer: a
Page: 84
25.
Why did Alexander’s Greek and Macedonian men begin to turn
against him after the conquest of Persia?
26.
Alexander refused to share the spoils of war with them.
27.
Alexander ordered the destruction of the great palace of
Persepolis.
28.
Alexander lost the Battle of the Hydapses River.
29.
Alexander had begun to adopt Asian customs and married a
Bactrian princess.
Answer: d
Page: 86
26.
Why did Alexander marry several Asian women?
27.
to humble his mutinous Greek soldiers
28.
to discourage native resentment against his rule
29.
to raise revenue to continue his campaigns in India
30.
to satisfy his lust, which was as large as his ego
Answer: b
Page: 86
27.
Alexander died before he could invade
28.
India.
29.
Italy.
30.
Arabia.
31.
Egypt.
Answer: c
Page: 86
28.
Like Socrates, Alexander belonged to the Hellenistic Age because
of his
29.
extreme individuality and cosmopolitan interests.
30.
extreme megalomania and belief in rule by one divinely-inspired
man.
31.
greed for more land, money, and honor.
32.
belief in his own divinity and desire to fulfill his divine
destiny.
Answer: a
Page: 87
29.
After Alexander’s death, the great men that had been closest to
him were
30.
ready to abandon the empire they had helped create.
31.
realists who established viable dynastic kingdoms.
32.
warriors loyal to his half-brother and infant son by Roxane.
33.
committed to his dream of creating an enduring Greek empire.
Answer: b
Page: 88
30.
The ultimate victor in the struggle to rule greater Greece after
Alexander’s death was
31.
Perdiccas.
32.
Antipater.
33.
Cassander.
34.
Antigonus.
Answer: d
Page: 88
31.
Why did Ptolemaic Egypt last the longest of the Hellenistic
kingdoms?
32.
Egypt controlled a vast empire that included most of the former
Persian Empire.
33.
Egypt was a governable kingdom whose wealth allowed it to remain
militarily strong.
34.
Ptolemy I managed to conquer Greece and Macedonia, giving him
control of the Greek homeland.
35.
Egypt was the poorest of the three main Hellenistic kingdoms, so
the Ptolemies attracted few rivals for power.
Answer: b
Page: 88
32.
We know about the Greek rulers of Bactria and India primarily
from
33.
the writings of Greek philosophers these rulers patronized.
34.
documents in Sanskrit describing the conversion of these rulers
and their nobles to Hinduism.
35.
coins and popular tales.
36.
monumental architecture, especially their palaces and temples to
Greek gods.
Answer: c
Page: 89
33.
The Greek ruler of Bactria who, according to Indian legend,
converted to Buddhism, was
34.
Seleucus.
35.
Demetrius.
36.
Antiochus the Great.
37.
Menander.
Answer: d
Page: 90
34.
How did Hellenistic aristocrats see slavery?
35.
in economic rather than moral terms
36.
in moral rather than economic terms
37.
in terms of gender rather than race
38.
in terms of race rather than class.
Answer: a
Page: 91
35.
Most of the Hellenistic kingdoms, great and small, were
eventually conquered by
36.
Persia.
37.
Rome.
38.
Macedonia.
39.
Egypt.
Answer: b
Page: 91
36.
Hellenization was,
in its primary meaning, the
37.
deep penetration of Greek culture into foreign lands.
38.
nearly complete synthesis of Greek and foreign elements.
39.
spread of Greek language and of the civilized customs associated
with Greek culture.
40.
intrusion into Greco-Macedonian territories of Asian languages
and cultures.
Answer: c
Page: 92
37.
What two languages are contained in the Rosetta Stone?
38.
Greek and Roman
39.
Egyptian and Greek
40.
Greek and Persian
41.
Bactrian and Greek
Answer: b
Page: 92
38.
Attic or Athenian Greek, which dominated Golden Age Greece, was
replaced by
39.
koine.
40.
demotic script.
41.
Latin.
42.
Syriac.
Answer: a
Page: 92
39.
The central Greek institution of the Hellenistic city was the
40.
agora.
41.
amphorae.
42.
stoa.
43.
gymnasium.
Answer: d
Page: 94
40.
Hellenistic economies were predominantly
41.
commercial.
42.
industrial.
43.
agricultural.
44.
maritime.
Answer: c
Page: 94
41.
Why were roads never a priority of development in the
Hellenistic world?
42.
Hellenistic economies were money economies.
43.
Roads were less reliable than water transport.
44.
Camels in Egypt and Asia Minor were more common conveyors of
goods than wheeled carts.
45.
Land tenure was extremely variable within the Hellenistic
kingdoms.
Answer: b
Page: 94
42.
The most centralized and economically successful regime of the
Hellenistic kingdoms was the
43.
Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt.
44.
Antigonid dynasty of Greco-Macedonia.
45.
Seleucid dynasty of Persia.
46.
Attalid dynasty of Pergamum.
Answer: a
Page: 94
43.
Which later Hellenistic philosophical movement advocated for
individual responsibility, individual action, and the pursuit of virtue?
44.
the Cynics
45.
the Skeptics
46.
the Epicureans
47.
the Stoics
Answer: d
Page: 95
44.
Where in the Hellenistic world did Greek technology, science,
and medicine attain its greatest achievements?
45.
Bactria
46.
Ptolemaic Alexandria
47.
Pergamum
48.
Seleucia
Answer: b
Page: 96
45.
The Hellenistic thinker who proposed a heliocentric theory of
the relationship of the earth and planets was
46.
Eratosthenes of Cyrene.
47.
Euclid.
48.
Aristarchus of Samos.
49.
Archimedes of Syracuse.
Answer: c
Page: 96
46.
Expertise in which of the following helped to aid Ptolemaic
advances in medicine?
47.
mummification
48.
Hippocrates’ four humors
49.
heliocentric theory
50.
engineering
Answer: a
Page: 97
47.
Why did Alexander and the creation of a wider Hellenistic world
set religion on the move?
48.
Alexander and his successors were recognized as kings and
honored as gods.
49.
Alexander and his advisors were ready to assume that the natives
of the places they conquered had the same gods as the Greeks.
50.
Greek rulers and soldiers sought wherever possible to impose
Greek religion on the native peoples they ruled in Asia.
51.
Greek soldiers and traders spread religions that had previously
been restricted regionally.
Answer: d
Page: 97
48.
In the Hellenistic world, the beliefs, practices, forms, and
divinities of different religions often combined in a process called
49.
diffusion.
50.
syncretism.
51.
polytheism.
52.
henotheism.
Answer: b
Page: 97
49.
Why did Hellenistic Greeks venerate Greek literature of the
Classical Age?
50.
It reminded them of their connection to their Greek homeland and
its golden past.
51.
It was a means to assimilate the vast native populations of the
lands they ruled into Greek culture.
52.
It was a way to save classical works that had been lost in
Greece proper after the Peloponnesian War.
53.
It became a means for Greek scholars in foreign lands to earn
patronage from local rulers.
Answer: a
Page: 97
50.
How did Hellenistic art depart from the earlier concerns of
classical Greek art?
51.
It embraced the ideal and the perfect.
52.
It promoted syncretism with the art of foreign lands.
53.
It embraced the particular and the realistic.
54.
It rejected portraiture in favor of Aristotle’s drive for
natural truths.
Answer: c
Page: 98
ESSAY QUESTIONS
51.
Explain how Alexandria in Egypt embodies the central
characteristics of the Hellenistic Ages.
52.
Why was Philip of Macedon able to conquer all of Greece? To what
extent was his success due to his own attributes, and to what extent was it the
result of the weakness of the Greeks after the Peloponnesian War?
53.
How did Greek culture change between the Classical and
Hellenistic Ages? What caused these changes?
54.
Compare and contrast the philosophies of Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle. What did their teachings have in common? How did they differ?
55.
How would you explain Alexander’s conquest of his vast empire?
What was his legacy? Why was his empire so short-lived?
56.
What was Hellenization? How and why did the spread of Greek
culture have a profound effect on Roman and western civilization?
57.
What was life like in the Hellenistic kingdoms? How did
polarization of wealth impact the older polis ideal of the equality of
citizens?
Chapter 5
From Republic to Empire
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Cicero
was executed in 43 BCE because he sought to
2. overthrow
the Senate’s power.
3. assassinate
Julius Caesar.
4. preserve
the Roman Republic.
5. make himself
emperor.
Answer: c
Page: 133
2. The
imperial government Augustus established truly took hold in the
3. first
century BCE.
4. first
century CE.
5. second
century BCE.
6. second
century CE.
Answer: d
Page: 134
3. Why
did the agreements and shared interests of the Roman peoples break down in the
Late Roman Republic?
4. What
worked for a city-state worked less well for the governance of a vast
territory.
5. Patricians
and plebeians could not agree on how to distribute the spoils of the Punic
Wars.
6. The
Gauls were invading Italy, and the Latin allies were no longer willing to
protect Rome.
7. Competition
for political posts had decreased, making civic leaders weak and corrupt.
Answer: a
Page: 135
4. In
order to thrive, Republican Rome depended most on
5. slavery.
6. continual
growth.
7. conservative
values.
8. clientage.
Answer: b
Page: 135
5. The
highest office in Republican Rome was
6. quaestor.
7. tribune.
8. aedile.
9. consul.
Answer: d
Page: 136
6. What
was the consequence of holders of political office in Republican Rome receiving
no pay?
7. Too
few people were willing to compete to hold political offices.
8. Office-holders
became clients of powerful patrons, which reinforced factional loyalties.
9. The
Roman government lacked enough money and manpower to offer the services the people
expected from their government.
10.
Blood, ancestry, and personal connections became completely
unimportant; merit alone counted in obtaining political office.
Answer: b
Page: 136
7. As a
result of the conquest of the eastern Mediterranean, new ideas and cultural
influences came to Italy, including
8. Greek
learning.
9. mystery
religions from Spain.
10.
Chinese cultural practices.
11.
agricultural practices from Gaul.
Answer: a
Page: 136
8. Why
did many small landholders in Late Republican Rome quit farming and drift with
their families to the city of Rome?
9. They
hoped to become clients of powerful patrons in Rome and obtain political
office.
10.
They wanted to immigrate to Roman colonies outside of Italy.
11.
They could not compete against large plantation-like estates
worked by imported slaves.
12.
They no longer wanted to work and hoped to enjoy “bread and
circuses” in Rome.
Answer: c
Page: 136
9. The
two reformers who probably represented the last best chance for Rome to
undertake the political changes necessary to preserve the Republic were
10.
Cicero and Sallust.
11.
Julius and Augustus Caesar.
12.
the Gracchi brothers.
13.
Cato the Elder and Scipio Africanus.
Answer: c
Page: 136
10.
Tiberius Gracchus’s political reforms were aimed at
11.
abolishing slavery, or at least improving their working conditions.
12.
returning Rome to its ancient social contract.
13.
introducing Athenian-style democracy to Rome.
14.
overthrowing the Roman Senate.
Answer: b
Page: 136-138
11.
The legacy of the Gracchi brothers was to
12.
leave Rome more socially and politically fractured.
13.
heal the divisions in Rome and prolong the life of the Republic.
14.
abolish slavery with the support of the landless lower classes.
15.
peacefully achieve lasting land reform and break the senatorial
monopoly on power.
Answer: a
Page: 138
12.
What does the case of Jugurtha, the Numidian king, demonstrate?
13.
how efficiently Roman justice could still function to reign in
rebellious citizens
14.
how powerful the Vestal Virgins remained in Republican Rome
15.
how corrupt the Republic had become
16.
how desperate the Gracchi brothers were to achieve their reforms
Answer: c
Page: 138
13.
How did the great consul generals bend the Republic to the
breaking point?
14.
They sided with reformers such as the Gracchi brothers.
15.
They refused to follow the Senate’s orders to pacify North
Africa.
16.
They abolished the office of tribune.
17.
They subverted and bypassed the Senate.
Answer: d
Page: 139
14.
Gaius Marius’s great innovation was to
15.
extend citizenship to Rome’s Italian allies.
16.
privatize the Roman army.
17.
refuse reelection as consul after his first term.
18.
hand Jugurtha over to his protégé Sulla.
Answer: b
Page: 139
15.
Who fought Rome in the Social War of 90–88 BCE?
16.
Rome’s Italian allies
17.
the Carthaginians
18.
the Numidians
19.
the Gauls
Answer: a
Page: 139
16.
What finally ended the Social War?
17.
Sulla’s brilliant military strategy
18.
the recall of Marius to conduct the war
19.
the Senate’s offer of citizenship to the Italians
20.
the help of Mithridates, ruler of Pontus
Answer: c
Page: 139
17.
Which of the following best describes Sulla?
18.
a conservative who tried to restore Rome to its golden
Republican past
19.
a military ruler who radically subverted the Roman order
20.
a supporter of the reforms of the Gracchi
21.
a client of Julius Caesar
Answer: b
Page: 140
18.
The next great consul general after Sulla was
19.
Spartacus.
20.
Crassus.
21.
Octavian.
22.
Pompey.
Answer: d
Page: 140
19.
Why is the case of Catiline important?
20.
The plot was a real danger to the state.
21.
It offered Cicero the opportunity to suppress the conspiracy,
the greatest achievement of his career.
22.
The actions of Catiline and his followers were symptomatic of
the troubles of the late Republic.
23.
It led the Senate to recall Sulla from retirement to suppress
the conspiracy.
Answer: c
Page: 141
20.
The greatest poets of the last phase of the Republic were
21.
Lucretius and Cicero.
22.
Catullus and Catiline.
23.
Sallust and Lucretius.
24.
Lucretius and Catullus.
Answer: d
Page: 141
21.
The three members of the Caesarian Faction were
22.
Pompey, Cicero, and Caesar.
23.
Caesar, Crassus, and Marius.
24.
Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar.
25.
Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar.
Answer: c
Page: 142
22.
In his rise to power, Caesar relied on
23.
popular support.
24.
the equestrians.
25.
the support of the patricians.
26.
the slaves.
Answer: a
Page: 142
23.
In the battle of Pharsalus in July 48 BCE, Caesar’s army defeated
that of
24.
the Gauls.
25.
the Senate.
26.
the Italian Allies.
27.
Egypt.
Answer: b
Page: 143
24.
The leaders of the plot to assassinate Julius Caesar were
25.
Pompey and Mark Antony.
26.
Octavian and Pompey.
27.
Crassus and Brutus.
28.
Brutus and Cassius.
Answer: d
Page: 144
25.
At part of his last campaign to restore the Republic, Cicero
wrote a series of stinging orations against
26.
Octavian.
27.
Lepidus.
28.
Antony.
29.
Caesar.
Answer: c
Page: 144
26.
Who were the members of the official Triumvirate of 42–33 BCE?
27.
Octavian, Caesar, and Antony
28.
Lepidus, Cicero, and Octavian
29.
Antony, Lepidus, and Caesar
30.
Lepidus, Octavian, and Antony
Answer: d
Page: 144
27.
Why did Romans despise Cleopatra?
28.
She was both foreign and royal.
29.
She aspired to rule Rome.
30.
She was both poor and unpopular in Egypt.
31.
She had deposed her brother to become queen.
Answer: a
Page: 145
28.
One of Antony’s greatest problems was that
29.
he drank too much and was easily led astray by a wily foreigner.
30.
he had Hellenistic leanings and ambitions.
31.
few Roman soldiers were willing to fight for a foreign queen.
32.
Egypt possessed few resources and little wealth with which
Antony could pay his soldiers.
Answer: c
Page: 146
29.
In his attempt to restore Roman order, what did Octavian change
militarily?
30.
He established a standing army over which he was the sole ruler.
31.
He turned over control of the army to the Senate.
32.
He settled his soldiers in Egypt so they could not foment
revolts in Italy.
33.
He disbanded most of the army except for a small Praetorian
Guard.
Answer: a
Page: 147
30.
Because Octavian possessed authority over the state, the Senate
bestowed upon him the title of
31.
Caesar.
32.
Praetorian.
33.
Augur.
34.
Augustus.
Answer: d
Page: 147
31.
Why did Augustus succeed where Caesar had not?
32.
Augustus was by far the greater military leader.
33.
Augustus engaged in a slow and sensitive reordering of the Roman
world.
34.
Augustus forcibly brought about the collapse of the traditional
Republic.
35.
Augustus restored to the Senate power over foreign, military,
and financial affairs.
Answer: b
Page: 147
32.
Augustus controlled the senators and aristocratic elite by
making them his
33.
patrons.
34.
slaves.
35.
clients.
36.
advisors.
Answer: c
Page: 147
33.
Why was the disaster at the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE a turning
point in Rome’s territorial ambitions?
34.
Germania was never to be as Romanized as Gaul.
35.
Augustus’s loyal commander Agrippa was forced to commit suicide.
36.
Rome lost control of Gaul and parts of Germany.
37.
Three Roman legions under Varus revolted against Roman rule and
defected to the German side.
Answer: a
Page: 147
34.
Rather than present himself as absolute ruler, Augustus
preferred to represent himself as
35.
Pontifex Maximus.
36.
primus inter pares.
37.
chief tribune.
38.
a simple soldier.
Answer: b
Page: 147
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