Managing Business Ethics Straight Talk About How to Do It Right 6th Edition By Trevino – TEST BANK
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Sample
Test
File: Chapter 3, Deciding What’s Right: A Psychological Approach
True/False
1. If an
individual does not recognize that he or she is facing an ethical dilemma, then
ethical judgment is likely not to occur.
Ans: True
Response: See page 70.
Difficulty: Medium
2. With
the advent of technology, fewer people look to others in their social environment
for guidance in ethical dilemma situations.
Ans.: False
Response: See page 72.
Difficulty: Moderate
3. When
describing a situation, the type of language used does not affect moral
awareness.
Ans: False
Response: Neutral language is less likely to trigger moral
awareness. See page 73.
Difficulty: Easy
4. Neutral
language can be used to make an unethical action seem less problematic.
Ans.: True
Response: See page 73.
Difficulty: Easy
5. Training,
whether in groups, peer to peer, or using DVD to deliver the content, has been
shown to be ineffective in helping employees become ethically aware.
Ans.: False
Response: see page 74.
Difficulty: Medium
6. According
to Kohlberg, as individuals move forward through the sequence of stages they
are cognitively capable of comprehending all reasoning stages below and above
their own.
Ans. False
Response: See page 76
Difficulty: Difficult
7. According
to cognitive moral development theory, the actual moral decision is not as
important as the reasoning process used to arrive at it.
Ans: True
Response: See pages 76.
Difficulty: Medium
8. Kohlberg
argued that the higher the reasoning stage, the more ethical the decision.
Ans: True
Response: See page 76.
Difficulty: Easy
9. Ethical
conflict is almost exclusively influenced by individual differences.
Ans: False
Response: See page 76.
Difficulty: Medium
10. In
Kohlberg’s theory, adherence to any principle qualifies as “principled”
thinking.
Ans: False
Response: See page 80.
Difficulty: Easy
11. There
are major differences in levels of moral reasoning between men and women.
Ans: False
Response: See pages 81.
Difficulty: Easy
12. Managers
must structure the work environment to support ethical conduct and this
includes ensuring that reward systems are aligned with the ethics of the firm.
Ans.: True
Response: See page 82
Difficulty: Medium
13. An
organization led by a leader high in cognitive moral development establishes a
much stronger ethical climate in the organization.
Ans. True
Response: See page 82
Difficulty: Medium
14. In
organizations, individuals high on Machiavellianism are significantly more
likely to have unethical intentions and to engage in unethical behavior including
accepting kickbacks.
Ans.: True
Response: See page 85
Difficulty: Medium
15. An
effective way to avoid decision-making weaknesses and biases is to become aware
of them and to incorporate steps into decision-making that are explicitly aimed
at reducing their impact.
Ans.: True
Response: see page 87
Difficulty: Medium
Matching
Reference: Matching Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning
1. a)
Stage 1
2. b)
Stage 2
3. c)
Stage 3
4. d)
Stage 4
5. e)
Stage 5
6. f)
Stage 6
16. Focused
on interpersonal trust and social approval.
Ans: c
Response: See page 78.
Difficulty: Medium
17. Focused
on avoiding punishment.
Ans: a
Response: See pages 77.
Difficulty: Medium
18. Focused
on following the rules or laws that are designed to promote the common good.
Ans: d
Response: See pages 79.
Difficulty: Medium
19. “You
scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.”
Ans: b
Response: See pages 77.
Difficulty: Medium
20. Considers
the possibility of changing the law for socially useful purposes.
Ans: e
Response: See pages 79-81.
Difficulty: Medium
Reference: Matching Key Terms and Definitions
1. a)
confirmation bias
2. b)
illusion of optimism
3. c)
illusion of control
4. d)
illusion of superiority
21. Tendency
to underestimate risks because of the belief that we are in charge of what
happens.
Ans: c
Response: See page 89.
Difficulty: Easy
22. Unconscious
distortion of information in order to maintain a positive self-image.
Ans: d
Response: See page 90.
Difficulty: Easy
23. Tendency
to attend to the information that endorses the decision we prefer.
Ans: a
Response: See pages 89.
Difficulty: Easy
24. Tendency
to overestimate the likelihood of good future events.
Ans: b
Response: See page 89.
Difficulty: Easy
Multiple Choice
25. Research
has found that people are more likely to be ethically aware, to recognize the
ethical nature of an issue or decision, if all of these things happen EXCEPT:
1. a) if
they believe that their peers will consider it to be ethically problematic.
2. b) if
ethical language is used to present the situation to the decision maker.
3. c) if
the decision is seen as having the potential to produce serious harm to others.
4. d) if
superiors in the organization do not see it as an issue but subordinates do.
Ans: d
Response: See page 72.
Difficulty: Difficult
26. A
person’s emphasis on ethical principles being dependent on the situation rather
than being applicable to all situations refers to which of these?
1. a)
Relativism
2. b)
Idealism
3. c)
Locus of control
4. d)
Machiavellianism
Ans: a
Response: See page 75.
Difficulty: Medium
27. According
to cognitive moral development theory, individuals move to a higher reasoning
stage:
1. a)
Every time they encounter a more difficult ethical dilemma.
2. b)
When there is a contradiction between his or her current moral reasoning stage
and the next higher one.
3. c) As
they grow older.
4. d)
None of the above. An individual’s level of moral reasoning does not change
after he or she becomes an adult.
Ans: b
Response: See page 76.
Difficulty: Medium
28. Which
of the following is false?
1. a)
Lawrence Kohlberg developed the cognitive moral development theory by studying
male adult behavior.
2. b)
The cognitive moral development theory focuses primarily on how people decide
what course of action is morally right.
3. c)
Cognitive moral development is an individual difference that impacts the way
people think about an ethical dilemma.
4. d)
Individuals can comprehend and use all stages of reasoning below their own.
Ans: a
Response: See page 76-77.
Difficulty: Medium
29. At
what stage of Kohlberg’s Cognitive Moral Development Model, what is right is
judged in terms of a “you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours” reciprocal
relationship?
1. a)
Stage 3
2. b)
Stage 5
3. c) Stage
2
4. d)
Stage 4
Ans: c
Response: See page 77.
Difficulty: Difficult
30. At
which stage of Kohlberg’s Cognitive Moral Development Model, the emphasis is
still on rules and laws because these represent the recognized social contract,
but this stage thinker is willing to question the law and to consider changing
the law for socially useful purposes?
1. a)
Stage 3
2. b)
Stage 5
3. c)
Stage 2
4. d)
Stage 4
Ans: b
Response: See page 79.
Difficulty: Difficult
31. Most
adults are at the ____________ level of cognitive moral development and their
action is ____________.
1. a)
Conventional; based on avoidance of punishment.
2. b)
Conventional; based on what others think, say, and do.
3. c)
Postconventional; based on the best outcome for society.
4. d)
Postconventional; based on their religion or guiding principles.
Ans: b
Response: See pages 79.
Difficulty: Difficult
32. Which
of the following is false?
1. a)
Moral reasoning can be increased through training.
2. b) A
more-principled individual is less likely to cheat.
3. c)
When an organization’s leader is characterized by high moral development, the
entire ethical climate of the organization is stronger.
4. d)
Employee satisfaction and commitment are not related to the leader’s moral
development.
Ans: d
Response: See pages 81-82.
Difficulty: Medium
33. Sally
attributes her success at work to luck. Sally can be characterized by:
1. a)
high internal locus of control
2. b)
high external locus of control
3. c)
Stage 2 moral reasoning
4. d)
Stage 4 moral reasoning
Ans: b
Response: See page 83.
Difficulty: Medium
34. Roger
believes that his success at work is primarily the result of his own efforts
and hard work. Roger can be characterized by:
1. a)
high internal locus of control
2. b)
high external locus of control
3. c) Stage
2 moral reasoning
4. d)
Stage 4 moral reasoning
Ans: a
Response: See page 83.
Difficulty: Medium
35. Which
of the following is true?
1. a)
People’s locus of control is relatively stable, but can change over time.
2. b)
People are born with a particular locus of control.
3. c)
People are either internal or external. Locus of control is not a continuum.
4. d)
People with high external locus of control believe their life is a product of
their own efforts.
Ans: a
Response: See page 84.
Difficulty: Medium
36. Those
with higher __________ are more likely to avoid pressure to violate social
norms because _____________.
1. a)
internal locus of control; they typically act at the postconventional level of
moral reasoning.
2. b)
external locus of control; they believe in luck.
3. c)
internal locus of control; they believe they are in charge of their own fate.
4. d)
external locus of control; they typically act at the postconventionl level of
moral reasoning.
Ans: c
Response: See page 84.
Difficulty: Difficult
37. Which
of these terms is used to describe individuals who act in self-interested,
opportunistic, deceptive, and manipulative ways to win no matter what the cost
or how it affects other people?
1. a)
Relativism
2. b)
Idealism
3. c)
Locus of control
4. d)
Machiavellianism
Ans: d
Response: See page 84.
Difficulty: Easy
38. Which
of the following is true?
1. a)
Cognitive biases are the result of trying to reduce uncertainty and simplify
the world.
2. b)
Cognitive biases are an individual difference and do not affect all human
beings in the same way.
3. c)
Business executives and students are generally reserved about their knowledge
of the facts.
4. d)
People are generally good at thinking of the consequences of their decisions
outside of their immediate family and friends.
Ans: a
Response: See page 87.
Difficulty: Medium
File: Chapter 4, Addressing Individuals ‘Common Ethical Problems
Matching
Reference: Matching Ethical Type to Example
1. a)
People issue
2. b)
Conflict of interest
3. c)
Customer confidence issue
4. d)
Use of corporate resources
1. Accepting
a bribe.
Ans: b
Response: See page 123.
Difficulty: Easy
2. Discriminating
against an employee.
Ans: a
Response: See pages 113-118.
Difficulty: Easy
3. A
product is unsafe for human consumption.
Ans: c
Response: See page 126.
Difficulty: Easy
4. Providing
a personal reference on corporate letterhead.
Ans: d
Response: See pages 131-132.
Difficulty: Easy
5. “How
people get along.”
Ans: a
Response: See page 113.
Difficulty: Easy
6. Honestly
representing a product in a sales pitch.
Ans: c
Response: See page 128-129.
Difficulty: Easy
7. Keeping
a customer’s information private.
Ans: c
Response: See pages 126.
Difficulty: Easy
8. Sending
personal mail through the company mail room.
Ans: d
Response: See page 134.
Difficulty: Easy
True/False
9. With
human resource issues, the most important word to remember is “fairness.”
Ans: True
Response: See page 113.
Difficulty: Easy
10. Employees
do not care about the fairness of the decision making procedure as much as they
care about the fairness of the outcomes they receive.
Ans: False
Response: See page 114.
Difficulty: Medium
11. If an
organization has 30 employees, it is not required to have a sexual harassment
policy or train employees on these issues.
Ans: False
Response: See page 118.
Difficulty: Easy
12. An
employer cannot be held liable for an employee’s sexual harassment activities.
Ans: False
Response: An employer may be held liable if the employer had
knowledge of the conduct and did nothing to correct it. See page 120.
Difficulty: Easy
13. It is
important to avoid romance with anyone you supervise for the following reasons:
1) Your judgment is likely to be compromised by the relationship 2) Coworkers
are likely to lose respect for both parties and fear preferential treatment.
Ans.: True
Response: See page 121
Difficulty: Medium
14. Zachary
works for Step-Up Printing Services during the day and a local diner at night.
This is a conflict of interest.
Ans: False
Response: See pages 122.
Difficulty: Medium
15. Common
conflicts of interest include overt or covert bribes and the trading of
influence or privileged information.
Ans.: True
Response: See page 123.
Difficulty: Medium
16. Accepting
discounts on personal items from a vendor is acceptable as it enriches the
relationship between the parties.
Ans.: False
Response: See page 124.
Difficulty: Easy
17. Transparency
is the best policy in holding more than one employment option. Thus, so long as
you tell both employers about the work you are doing, the work you perform at
either firm is not relevant.
Ans.: False
Response: See page 124.
Difficulty: Medium
18. Conflicts
of interest erode trust by making it look s if special favors will be extended
for special friends.
Ans.: True
Response: See page 125.
Difficulty: Easy
19. You
should guard your reputation as it is built slowly with countless actions but
it can be destroyed in an instant by one foolish mistake.
Ans.: True
Response: See pages 131.
Difficulty: Easy
20. As a
senior executive, it makes sense for you to use the firm’s corporate letterhead
to write references for employees leaving the firm who have previously served
the firm well.
Ans.: False
Response: See page 131.
Difficulty: Medium
21. Facebook,
LinkedIn and other social networking sites are immune from ethical challenges
as that which you post on these sites is personal and may not be examined by
your firm.
Ans.: False
Response: See page 132.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple Choice
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