Larsens Human Embryology 5th Edition By Schoen wolf – Test Bank
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Sample
Questions
Schoenwolf et al.: Larsen’s Human Embryology, 5th Edition
Chapter 4: Fourth Week: Forming the Embryo
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Omphalocele
and gastroschisis are examples of which type of birth defect?
1. Anterior
body wall defect
2. Neural
tube defect
3. Urorectal
septum defect
4. Buccopharyngeal
membrane defect
5. Cloacal
membrane defect
ANS: A
2. The
inner tube of the tube-within-a-tube body plan gives rise to which structure?
1. Heart
tube
2. Neural
tube
3. Otocyst
4. Gut
tube
5. Somitocele
ANS: D
3. A
first-year surgery resident sees a child with a skin-covered neural tube
defect. The chief resident says that the defect was caused by abnormal
secondary neurulation. Assuming this is true, at what level of the CNS would
the defect occur?
1. Brain
2. Upper
cervical spinal cord
3. Lower
cervical spinal cord
4. Upper
thoracic spinal cord
5. Lower
thoracic spinal cord
6. Lumbosacral
and/or coccygeal spinal cord
ANS: F
4. A researcher
knocks out a gene that is expressed in the mouse embryo during neurulation
stages, but this gene is never expressed in the neuroepithelium (neural plate
or neural tube). Hence, she is surprised when the resulting embryos form neural
tube defects. What is the explanation for this?
1. All
forces for neurulation are generated within the neural plate.
2. All
forces for neurulation are generated in non-neural plate tissues.
3. Forces
for neurulation are generated in both the neural plate and in surrounding
tissues.
4. Neural
tube defects are secondary to abnormal body folding, and the gene is likely
expressed in the body folds.
5. Neural
tube defects are not the result of gene activity, as they occur randomly
regardless of where the knocked out gene is expressed.
ANS: C
5. A
major tissue movement involved in neurulation is convergent extension. What
signaling pathway plays an essential role in convergent extension?
1. Fgf
2. Tgfbeta
3. Notch-Delta
4. Wnt
5. Ephrin-Eph
ANS: D
6. A
researcher overexpresses the actin-binding protein Shroom in the
surface ectoderm. What change in the ectodermal cells would this overexpression
cause?
1. The
cells would be expected to die.
2. The
cells would be expected to undergo convergent extension.
3. The
cells would be expected to undergo mitosis.
4. The
cells would be expected to undergo meiosis.
5. The
cells would be expected to undergo apical constriction.
6. The
cells would be expected to undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation.
ANS: E
7. A
researcher overexpresses the transcription factor Slug in the surface
ectoderm. What change in the ectodermal cells would this overexpression cause?
1. The
cells would be expected to die.
2. The
cells would be expected to undergo convergent extension.
3. The
cells would be expected to undergo mitosis.
4. The
cells would be expected to undergo meiosis.
5. The
cells would be expected to undergo apical constriction.
6. The
cells would be expected to undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation.
ANS: F
8. A
researcher inactivates a gene that affects the dorsal-ventral patterning of the
neural tube. Which gene product is known to play such a role?
1. Notch
2. Neurogenin
3. Shh
4. Pdgf
5. Vegf
ANS: C
9. A
woman has a child with spina bifida aperta. She is planning to have another
child and is concerned that the second child will also have spina bifida
aperta. What should her physician advise her to take daily to reduce the
chances that the second child will have spina bifida aperta?
1. Aspirin
2. Warfarin
3. Accutane
4. Folic
acid
5. Calcium
supplements
ANS: D
10. A researcher
ablates (removes) the neural folds of an animal embryo prior to formation of
neural crest cells. What structure might not develop depending on the exact
level removed?
1. Notochord
2. Somite
3. Body
wall
4. Parasympathetic
ganglia
5. Primitive
streak
ANS: D
Schoenwolf et al.: Larsen’s Human Embryology, 5th Edition
Chapter 7: Development of the Skin and Its Derivatives
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The
skin consists of several definitive layers. Which layer contains the
proliferating cells that replenish the skin throughout life?
1. Stratum
granulosum
2. Stratum
corneum
3. Stratum
germinativum
4. Stratum
spinosum
5. Periderm
ANS: C
2. The
skin consists of several definitive layers that are characterized by the
differential expression of different types of keratin involved in the
maturation and differentiation of the skin. In which layer are the keratins K5
and K14 found?
1. Stratum
granulosum
2. Stratum
corneum
3. Stratum
germinativum
4. Stratum
spinosum
5. Periderm
ANS: C
3. Hypohidrotic
ectodermal dysplasia can be life threatening due to a child’s inability to
thermoregulate, which can result in hyperpyrexia or hyperthermia. The gene
mutations causing this syndrome have now been identified. Which signaling
pathway is affected?
1. WNT
2. EDA/EDAR
(TNF family)
3. SHH
4. FGF
5. BMP
ANS: B
4. During
which month do odontoblasts of the developing teeth start to produce predentin,
which will then calcify to form dentin?
1. 2nd
2. 3rd
3. 4th
4. 5th
5. 7th
ANS: E
5. During
embryonic development, both primary and secondary teeth develop, but the secondary
teeth arrest their development. Growth and further development of the secondary
teeth is later reinitiated during childhood. At what stage of tooth development
are the secondary teeth arrested?
1. Bud
stage
2. Cap
stage
3. Bell
stage
ANS: C
6. During
development, the keratinocytes of the various skin layers express different
keratins and other intracellular proteins involved in the maturation of the
skin. Transglutaminase
1 is one such protein. What is the human syndrome that can be
caused by mutations in Transglutaminase
1?
1. Dowling-Meara
EBS
2. Junctional
epidermolysis bullosa
3. Bullous
congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma
4. Lamellar
ichthyosis
5. Incontinentia
pigmenti
6. Hypohidrotic
ectodermal dysplasia
ANS: D
7. In
X-linked syndromes, the loss of normal gene function in some of the skin
progenitors can follow the lines of Blaschko. In which of the following
syndromes would you expect this to occur?
1. Dowling-Meara
EBS
2. Junctional
epidermolysis bullosa
3. Bullous
congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma
4. Lamellar
ichthyosis
5. Incontinentia
pigmenti
6. Hypohidrotic
ectodermal dysplasia
ANS: D
8. Postnatally,
hair is continually lost and replaced. In which region of the hair are the
progenitors of the new hair cells located?
1. Inner
root sheath
2. Bulge
3. Outer
root sheath
4. Hair
matrix
ANS: B
9. Nevoid
basal cell carcinoma or Gorlin syndrome predisposes individuals to basal cell
carcinomas and is due to increased activity in a signaling pathway. Which
signaling pathway is activated and which component of the pathway is usually
mutated?
1. WNT,
BETA-CATENIN
2. NOTCH,
HES1
3. SHH,
PTC1
4. BMP,
NOGGIN
ANS: C
10. P63 (also
known as Tumor
protein p73-like [TP73L])
mutations affect development of the skin in a spectrum of syndromes that
include ectrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate. Which cell layer of
the skin expresses P63?
1. Stratum
granulosum
2. Stratum
corneum
3. Stratum
germinativum
4. Stratum
spinosum
ANS: C
11. Vitamin
A deficiency affects the development of the teeth. Which cell type and which structure
is usually affected?
1. Ameloblasts
producing the enamel
2. Odontoblasts
producing the dentin
3. Inner
cells of dental papillae, which give rise to the tooth pulp
4. Cells
of the enamel knot that determine cusp number
5. Cementoblasts
producing cementum in the root
ANS: A
12. Mutations
in the gene encoding the RUNX2 transcription factor result in cleidocranial
dysplasia and also affect tooth development, causing which condition?
1. Hypodontia
2. Oligodontia
3. Dentinogenesis
imperfecta
4. Amelogenesis
imperfecta
5. Hyperdontia
ANS: E
13. You
suspect that a child may have Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. His symptoms include
elastic hyperextensible skin, bruises, and atrophic scarring. The child is also
double-jointed. If the diagnosis is correct, what cardiac abnormalities would
you anticipate are also present?
1. Dilation
of the aortic root
2. Shortening
of the outflow tract
3. Abnormal
differentiation of the myocardium
4. Defective
formation of the cardiac valves
5. Abnormal
remodeling of the aortic arches
ANS: A
14. Which
phase of hair cell growth is the resting phase?
1. Anagen
2. Catagen
3. Exogen
4. Telogen
ANS: D
15. Sweat
glands use which mechanism of secretion?
1. Apocrine
2. Eccrine
3. Holocrine
ANS: B
16. Junctional
epidermolysis bullosa is due to a mutation in which gene?
1. KRT5
2. PlakophIlin
3. Desmoglein
1
4. Laminin
BETA3
5. KRT3
ANS: D
17. Shh
signaling is important for the development of the skin and many of its
appendages. What is the main cellular mechanism by which Shh controls
development of the ectodermal appendages?
1. Cell
survival
2. Cell
proliferation
3. Cell
adhesion
ANS: B
18. What
stage of hair development is affected in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia?
1. Placode
or hair germ
2. Hair
peg
3. Bulbous
hair peg
4. Keratinization
of the hair shaft
5. Loss
of the epithelial strand between the bulge and dermal papillae
ANS: A
19. FOXN1
mutations in humans and mice result in the loss of hair. What stage of hair
development is affected?
1. Placode
or hair germ
2. Hair
peg
3. Bulbous
hair peg
4. Keratinization
of the hair shaft
5. Loss
of the epithelial strand between the bulge and dermal papillae
ANS: D
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