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Sample
Test
Chapter 3—Language and Cultural Meaning
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one option that best completes the
statement or answers the question.
1. What
did Edward Sapir investigate?
·
how ancient texts reveal the worldviews of early civilizations
·
how the vocabulary of a language influences its speakers’ view
of the world
·
how the grammatical structures of a language influence thought
·
how pronunciations of certain words influence how a person sees
the world
·
how children in different cultures acquire their first language
Answer:
B p.
39-41
2. Benjamin
Whorf investigated
·
how ancient texts reveal the worldviews of early civilizations.
·
how people learn a second language as adults.
·
how the grammatical structures of a language influence thought.
·
how pronunciations of certain words influence how a person sees
the world.
·
how a person’s language and worldview change after a traumatic
brain injury.
Answer: C
p. 39-41
3. Who
was the soviet linguist who was a contemporary of Sapir and Whorf and a
supporter of the theory of linguistic relativity?
·
Orlova
·
Trubetskoy
·
Jakobson
·
Krushevksy
·
Volosinov
Answer:
E
p. 41
4. In
order to investigate how language affects thought, it is vital that researchers
·
conduct extensive studies on a single language.
·
use anecdotal evidence from their own life experience.
·
compare the linguistic structures and belief systems of
different languages.
·
analyze how certain phonemes are pronounced differently in
different contexts.
·
do extensive tests on their subjects’ brains before beginning
any study.
Answer:
C
p.41-42
5. What
is a major difference between the way Mandarin speakers and English speakers
express concepts of time?
·
Mandarin speakers express time in circular terms, whereas
English speakers express time in terms of
vertical space.
·
Mandarin speakers commonly express time in terms of vertical
space, whereas English speakers express
time in terms of horizontal space.
·
Mandarin speakers only express time in terms of horizontal
space, whereas English speakers express time in circular terms.
·
Mandarin speakers usually express time in terms of horizontal
space, whereas English speakers express time in terms of vertical space.
·
There is no major difference between the two languages because
both languages express time in terms of vertical space.
Answer:
B p. 43
6. In
Boroditsky’s (2001) study, what was the significant factor that determined the
effect of English on native Mandarin speakers’ perception of time?
·
age of acquisition
·
the gender of the speaker
·
length of exposure to English
·
the number of languages the person spoke
·
socioeconomic class
Answer: A
p. 43
7. Unconsciously
carrying conversational inferences from a native language to a new language
·
may result in intercultural miscommunications.
·
helps people learn the new language more quickly.
·
can help make intercultural interactions go smoothly.
·
usually prevents learners from improving their pronunciations in
the new language.
·
may facilitate the acquisition of complex grammatical patterns.
Answer:
A p. 45
8. Which
of the following lists of words provides an example of a semantic domain?
·
dream, stream, ream, seam, beam
·
arm, leg, head, chest, foot
·
too, to, two
·
mountain, desk, puppy, coffee, love
·
tongue, cheek, teeth, arm
Answer:
B p. 46
9. What
explains the fact that English has terms to differentiate horses and cattle on
the basis of sex, age, and breed, but no common terms to differentiate other
animals, such as chipmunks, in the same ways?
·
English speakers talk about animals like chipmunks more often
than animals such as horses and cattle.
·
English-speaking societies have more cultural interest in horses
and cattle than in chipmunks.
·
English-speaking societies have more cultural interest in
chipmunks than in horses and cattle.
·
The English language has not yet changed to reflect modern day
cultural interest in chipmunks.
·
Some animals, like chipmunks, are hard to differentiate because
scientists don’t know much about them.
Answer:
B p.
46-47
10. English
speakers often use __________ to linguistically signal that a term is a member
of a fuzzy category.
·
questions
·
affixes
·
hedges
·
allomorphs
·
deictic terms
Answer:
C p. 49
11. Of
the following which can be used to classify nouns into categories?
·
gender relationships
·
animate/inanimate distinctions
·
SVO agreement
·
OVS agreement
·
fricative/generative agreement
Answer:
B p.
49-50
12. According
to Berlin and Kay’s (1969) cross-linguistic study of color terms, if a language
has only two color terms, what will they be?
·
white and red
·
yellow and blue
·
black and grue
·
pink and orange
·
white and black
Answer:
E
p. 52
13. According
to Berlin and Kay’s (1969) cross-linguistic study of color terms, what will be
the third color term a language has?
·
red
·
yellow
·
green
·
blue
·
grue
Answer:
A p. 52
14. In semantic
analyses, the term prototype means
·
a group of vocabulary words with related meanings, such as
kinship terms.
·
an unstated comparison between entities or events that share
certain features.
·
a cultural model that affects communicative behavior.
·
an idealized, internalized conceptualization of an object,
quality, or activity.
·
an object, quality, or activity that is on the boundary between
two semantic categories.
Answer:
D p.53
15. What
are the three systems of coordination for expressing spatial relations?
·
absolute, prototypical, and relative
·
absolute, cultural, and prototypical
·
absolute, relative, and deictic
·
absolute, cultural, and deictic
·
absolute, relative, and cultural
Answer:
C p. 55
16. Which
of the sentences below demonstrates the use of an absolute system of
coordination for spatial relations?
·
The car is parked to the side of the
restaurant.
·
The car is parked in front of the
restaurant.
·
The car is parked to the right of the
restaurant.
·
The car is parked north of the
restaurant.
·
The car is parked behind the restaurant.
Answer:
D p. 55
17. People
have cultural presuppositions about
·
·
how conversations are structured.
·
what arguments are like.
·
·
how conversations should be structured.
Answer: E
p. 58-59
18. Which
sentence below contains a conceptual metaphor that reveals how English speakers
conceptualize time as a valuable commodity?
·
I’ll meet you there in an hour.
·
Thank you for spending time with me.
·
The movie is two hours long.
·
You should take a nap for a few minutes.
·
I just saw him about thirty minutes ago.
Answer:
B p. 62
19. Which
statement below is true of metaphors?
·
Metaphors are used only in poetry and creative writing.
·
English speakers never attribute animate or human qualities to
nonliving entities.
·
Metaphors provide the basis for our conceptual systems.
·
Metaphors are found only in English and a few other languages.
·
English uses a metaphor that expresses negative things as “up.”
Answer:
C p. 62
20. Zapotec
uses terms for ___________ to describe parts of any animate being or inanimate
object.
·
the human body
·
geographic features
·
kinship
·
containers
·
emotions
Answer:
A p. 64
IDENTIFICATION/SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best
completes each statement or answers the question.
21. ___________
and ___________ were the two most influential linguistic anthropologists in the
first half of the twentieth century.
Answer: Edward Sapir; Benjamin
Whorf p. 39
22. A group
of words that share a core meaning related to a certain topic is known as a
___________.
Answer: semantic
domain
p. 46
23. The
procedure of ___________ is used to determine significant contrasts between
related vocabulary words.
Answer: componential
analysis p. 48
24. ___________
categories are based on the idea that individual terms are in the category to a
certain degree. Membership in these categories is often signaled in English by
words such as sort of, somewhat, and loosely speaking.
Answer: Fuzzy p. 49
25. The
term __________ refers to the classification systems people construct to
organize knowledge of the world.
Answer:
ethnoscience p. 51
26. Words
may have a range of meanings, but a word’s primary sense is its __________.
Answer: focal meaning p. 53
27. The
___________ system of spatial reference describes objects from the point of
view of the speaker.
Answer: deictic p. 55
28. People
enter into interactions with a variety of ___________, or knowledge and understandings
of their culture as expressed and transmitted through language.
Answer: cultural presuppositions
p. 58-59
29. The
process of attributing animate attributes to inanimate objects is known as
___________.
Answer: personification p. 62
30. In
the sentence He likes
to read Shakespeare, the author stands in for the plays he has
written. This is an example of __________.
Answer:
metonymy p.
62
TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the
statement is false.
31. Cultural
models can be expressed overtly through proverbs, myths, and legends, or
covertly through interaction.
Answer: TRUE p. 38
32. Linguistic
anthropologists agree that the language one speaks completely controls one’s
thoughts.
Answer: FALSE p. 39-41
33. In
most societies, cultural interests remain constant over time.
Answer” FALSE p. 46-47
34. When
children are acquiring their first language, the language they are learning
influences the way they think about spatial relations at a very young age.
Answer: TRUE p. 56
35. Advertisements
often rely on cultural presuppositions to help sell their products.
Answer: TRUE p. 60
ESSAY. Write a well-organized essay of [will vary: between
50–100 words] for each of the questions below. Make sure your essay has an
introductory and concluding sentence and evidence from class to back up your
points as necessary.
36. Explain
the theory of linguistic relativity and describe how the grammatical
differences between English and Hopi contribute to this theory.
Answers will vary.
p. 42-43
37. Describe
John Lucy’s (1996) experiments with Yucatec and English speakers and explain
the significance of his findings.
Answers will vary.
p. 42-43
38. Compare
and contrast the ways people express spatial relations in Guugu Yimithirr and
Tzeltal.
Answers will
vary.
p. 55-56
39. Compare
and contrast the underlying cultural presuppositions regarding individual
autonomy in English and Navajo. Give examples to illustrate how these different
cultural presuppositions affect each language.
Answers will
vary.
p. 59
40. Describe
the metaphorical extension of the morpheme for “mother” to other entities in
Navajo.
Answers will
vary.
p. 63
Chapter 4—Contextual Components: Outline of an Ethnography of
Communication
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one option that best completes the
statement or answers the question.
1. What
factors affect communication?
·
participants, settings, topic of conversation, interlocutor’s
goals
·
cultural stereotypes
·
social norms
·
dialect
·
isoglosses
Answer:
A p.
70-71
2. What
is a feature of formal situations?
·
less focus on a specific event
·
more jokes and teasing
·
more structure
·
less structure
·
more expletives
Answer: C
p. 72
3. Two
speakers using each other’s first names as terms of address signals that they
·
do not know each other well.
·
have equal status.
·
have unequal status.
·
spend very little time together.
·
want to maintain social distance.
Answer: B
p. 72-73
4. Two
speakers using each other’s titles and last names as terms of address typically
signals
·
·
·
·
social closeness.
·
Answer:
A p.
72-73
5. Why
did Chinese speakers shift to the reciprocal use of the T form of the second-person
pronoun?
·
The feelings of solidarity and intimacy expressed by the V form
are no longer considered appropriate.
·
The power inequality in the V form no longer fit with the
nation’s ideology after the revolution.
·
The Chinese government wanted to make the language less like
European languages that use T and V.
·
The social hierarchies that required a V form disappeared over
time.
·
The V form was too difficult to pronounce for most people.
Answer:
B p. 78
6. Speakers
of American English typically use kinship terms for non-family members to
signal ___________, whereas Chinese speakers typically use them to signal
___________.
·
deference; rebelliousness
·
rebelliousness; solidarity
·
solidarity; rebelliousness
·
solidarity; deference
·
deference; solidarity
Answer:
D p. 78
7. What
is a speech act in linguistic anthropology?
·
a way of using language to achieve goals
·
a way of speaking that avoids telling the truth
·
a way of using language like a member of a different social
group
·
a way of giving speeches that entertain an audience
·
a way of speaking artistically
Answer:
A p. 84
8. What
is the locutionary act of an utterance?
·
the speaker’s intention
·
the verbalized message
·
the effect of the message on the addressee
·
the cultural presupposition underlying the utterance
·
the facial expression of the addressee when the utterance is
spoken
Answer:
B p. 84
9. What
is the perlocutionary act of an utterance?
·
the speaker’s intention
·
the verbalized message
·
the effect of the message on the addressee
·
the cultural presupposition underlying the utterance
·
the facial expression of the addressee when the utterance is
spoken
Answer:
C p. 84
10. What
is an example of a commissive speech act?
·
a statement
·
a nomination
·
an apology
·
an order
·
a promise
Answer
E
p. 84
11. What
is an example of a directive speech act?
·
a threat
·
a command
·
a pledge
·
a nomination
·
an apology
Answer:
B p. 84
12. The
sentence Would you
wash the dishes, please? is an example of which type of speech
act?
·
representative
·
declaration
·
directive
·
expressive
·
commissive
Answer:
C p. 84
13. When
judges sentence defendants or bosses fire employees, what kind of speech act
are they using?
·
representative
·
directive
·
commissive
·
declaration
·
expressive
Answer:
D p. 84
14. Some
speech acts, such as greetings, goodbyes, apologies, and compliments, are often
expressed in very predictable ways. These speech acts are known as
·
·
perlocutionary acts.
·
·
·
Answer: A
p. 86
15. Linguistic
anthropology identifies greetings as ___________?
·
·
cultural requirements.
·
social requirements.
·
something that occurs once in an interaction.
·
stereotyped linguistic routines
Answer:
E
p. 86
16. Japanese
apologies are different from English apologies because
·
they are required in fewer contexts.
·
they are required in more contexts.
·
they are never used along with other speech acts.
·
they occur only in formal situations.
·
they occur only in very casual situations.
Answer:
B p. 89
17. What
are mythic narratives?
·
Stories that describe events from the ancient past.
·
Stories that describe what happened to the speaker earlier that
day.
·
Stories that take place in the future.
·
Stories that describe the history of the community.
·
Stories that include the speaker as a major character.
Answer:
A p. 90
18. Historical
narratives are stories that describe events that
·
happened in ancient times.
·
happened in other worlds or realms.
·
happened in a society’s past.
·
happened in the speaker’s life.
·
may happen in the future.
Answer:
C p. 90
19. Which
statement is true of narratives?
·
Successful narratives should be as subjective as possible.
·
Narratives are generally shorter than other ways of communicating.
·
Successful narratives do not need to be of interest to the
listener.
·
The events in successful narratives can be told in any order.
·
Narratives should convey a point.
Answer:
E
p. 90-91
20. How
do listeners in North America signal that they are listening to a narrative?
·
They remain completely silent throughout the narrative to
indicate they are listening.
·
They try to avoid showing facial expressions that might distract
the speaker from the story.
·
They refrain from asking questions during the narrative.
·
They periodically make small vocalizations to indicate they are
listening.
·
They repeat each sentence of the narrative after the speaker.
Answer:
D p. 98
IDENTIFICATION/SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best
completes each statement or answers the question.
21. An
___________ is a way of studying interaction that involves describing the
participants, code, channel, setting, genre, topics, and attitudes relevant to
any interaction.
Answer: ethnography of
communication p. 70
22. One
factor that affects the way people are given nicknames in America is
___________.
Answer: gender/age/personal
relationship p. 75
23. In
the 1600s, American English speakers started using the pronouns ye/you instead of
__________in order to socially distance themselves from the Quakers.
Answer: thee/thou p.
76
24. Linguistic
markers that signal respect and deference for another person are called
___________.
Answer:
honorifics
p. 80
25. Japanese
has one set of affixes to honor the high status of the addressee, and another
set to _________ the speaker.
Answer:
humble/humiliate
p. 80-81
26. The
speaker’s intention behind an utterance is the ___________ act of that
utterance.
Answer: illocutionary
p. 84
27. When
a speaker makes a statement or conclusion about the world, that speaker used a
___________ speech act.
Answer: representative p. 84
28. Thanking,
congratulating, apologizing, and welcoming are all ___________ speech acts.
Answer:
expressive
p. 84
29. Stories
that describe events in the speaker’s life are called ___________.
Answer: personal
narratives
90
30. The
Western Apache use ___________ to reinforce social norms.
Answer: stories/narratives/historical
tales p. 96
TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the
statement is false.
31. All
cultures have rules for appropriate communication and interaction.
Answer: TRUE p. 71
32. People
make linguistic choices on such matters such as what topics to discuss and what
words to use based on who their interlocutors are.
Answer: TRUE p. 74
33. In
Japanese, husbands and wives typically use terms of address that signal equal
social status between them.
Answer: FALSE p. 79
34. The
structures of greetings, goodbyes, and apologies are usually unpredictable in
most cultures.
Answer: FALSE p. 86-88
35. Dell
Hymes’ approach to analyzing narratives focuses more on the imagery in the narrative
than its structure.
Answer: FALSE p. 91
ESSAY. Write a well-organized essay of [will vary: between
50–100 words] for each of the questions below. Make sure your essay has an
introductory and concluding sentence and evidence from class to back up your
points as necessary.
36. Compare
and contrast the ways that speakers of European languages, English, and Chinese
have changed their norms regarding choosing a second-person pronoun as a term
of address.
Answers will
vary.
p. 76
37. Describe
the gender differences that are found in the way kinship terms are applied to
non-family members in Chinese and the way terms of address for husbands and
wives are used in Japanese.
Answers will
vary.
p. 78-80
38. Compare
and contrast the ways that greetings are used by Anglo-American and Wolof
speakers.
Answers will
vary.
p. 87
39. Discuss
the importance of historical narratives in Western Apache culture, and give
examples to illustrate your points.
Answers will vary.
p. 95-97
40. Describe
the ways that gender and age affect the way Samoan listeners respond during
narratives.
Answers will
vary.
p. 98
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