Kuby Immunology 7th Edition By Judith A. Owen – Test Bank
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Sample
Questions
Chapter 4 Receptors and Signaling: Cytokines and
Chemokines
1. A(n)
____ is a molecule that is used by immune cells for communication.
1. chemoattractant
2. chemokine
3. cytokine
4. interleukin
5. All
of the above
Answer: E
Section: Introduction
Difficulty: 1
Hint: Immune cells use several cell types to communicate,
activate, and regulate each other.
2. Which
of the following is NOT a property of cytokines?
1. Induce
apoptosis (programmed cell death)
2. Induce
cell motility
3. Membrane-bound
signaling molecule
4. Soluble
signaling molecule
5. Upregulate
transcription
Answer: B
Section: Introduction
Difficulty: 2
Hint: Cytokines regulate cell activation and regulation.
3. ______
are responsible for recruiting immune cells to a specific location within the
body, organ, or tissue.
1. Chemokines
2. Immunoglobulins
3. G
proteins
4. Receptors
5. None
of the above
Answer: A
Section: Introduction
Difficulty: 2
Hint: Chemokines are a type of chemoattractant specific to the
immune system.
4. The
activity of most cytokines is BEST described as:
1.
2.
3.
4. Both
A and B
5. Both
B and C
Answer: D
Section: Introduction
Difficulty: 1
Hint: As a general rule, cytokines stimulate themselves or
neighboring cells.
5. Differentiate
between endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine. Provide an example of a cytokine
that demonstrates such activity. (Different cytokines may be listed for
each term.)
Answer: See below table.
|
|
Autocrine |
Paracrine |
Endocrine |
|
Definition |
Signal stimulates cell that
released the signal (self-stimulation) |
Signal stimulates
neighboring cell |
Signal stimulates cell in
another organ; pass through bloodstream before binding receptor |
|
Example |
IL-2 (T-cell
differentiation to memory Ts and cytotoxic Ts [CTL]) |
IL-2 (stimulates B-cell proliferation,
e.g., secondary immune organs—lymph node, spleen) |
IL-2 (causes activation of NK cells
that may be present in close proximity or far away) |
Section: Introduction
Difficulty: 3
Hint: Cytokines function to stimulate self, neighboring cells,
and cells that are far away.
6. What
determines if a particular cell will be acted up on by a cytokine?
1. A
high local concentration of the cytokine molecule
2. Location
of the cell releasing the cytokine
3. Presence
or absence of a cytokine receptor
4. Two
different cytokines binding the receiving cell
5. Both
A and C
Answer: C
Section: General Properties of Cytokines and Chemokines
Difficulty: 1
Hint: All chemical signals must be detected by a receptor
molecule.
7. IL-2
acts on several cell types thus regulating multiple immune processes. IL-2 is
said to be:
1.
2. cascade
inducible.
3.
4.
5.
Answer: C
Section: General Properties of Cytokines and Chemokines
Difficulty: 1
Hint: Cytokines that have one target are monotropic, while
cytokines with multiple targets are pleiotropic.
8. You
are a new member of a graduate research lab. Your research is to study the
effects of a novel cytokine TNF-mu (TNF-μ). During the course of your research,
you discover that TNF-μ induces monocyte maturation, inhibits eosinophil
development, and begins a signaling cascade that promotes histamine
release. What term best describes the action of TNF-μ on eosinophils?
1. Antagonistic
2. Cascade
inducible
3. Pleiotropic
4. Redundant
5. Synergistic
Answer: A
Section: General Properties of Cytokines and Chemokines
Difficulty: 3
Hint: Inhibition is a form of antagonism.
9. B-cell
proliferation is triggered by IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5. Each of these cytokines is
secreted by activated TH cells thus their
action is:
1.
2. cascade
inducible.
3.
4.
5.
Answer: D
Section: General Properties of Cytokines and Chemokines
Difficulty: 1
Hint: Multiple signals for the same event is defined as
immunologic redundancy.
10. Which
of the following is an example of antagonism?
1. IL-2
stimulates B-cell proliferation so that antibodies are produced.
2. IL-4 causes
B cells to differentiate into plasma and memory cells.
3. IL-4
and IL-5 cause class switching of immunoglobulins secreted by plasma cells.
4. IFN-ɣ
prevents class switching in plasma cells by binding IL-4.
5. IL-12
stimulates activation of TH
Answer: D
Section: General Properties of Cytokines and Chemokines
Difficulty: 2
Hint: Antagonism blocks a receptor or inhibits a signaling
pathway.
11. Chemokines
often show redundancy in their signaling. Why might redundancy be beneficially
in multicellular organisms to starting certain immune responses?
1. Immune
response can be up-regulated or down-regulated based on how many chemokines are
released.
2. Receiving
multiple signals allows a double check before an immune response is started.
3. Some
signals target multiple cells and are nonspecific.
4. Inactivated
cells do not bind chemokine signals.
5. A, B,
and C
Answer: E
Section: General Properties of Cytokines and Chemokines
Difficulty: 3
Hint: Redundancy repeats a specific chemical signal using more
than one signaling pathway.
12. Cytokines
are grouped into functional families. How many families of cytokines are
identified to date?
1. 2
2. 6
3. 14
4. 50
5. Over
100
Answer: B
Section: Six Families of Cytokines and Associated Receptor
Molecules
Difficulty: 1
Hint: There are six cytokine receptor families.
13. Which
cytokine family is responsible for promoting inflammation?
1. Chemokines
family
2. Hematopoietin
family
3. Interferons
family
4. Interleukin
1 family
5. Tumor
Necrosis Factor family
Answer: D
Section: Six Families of Cytokines and Associated Receptor
Molecules
Difficulty: 1
Hint: Interleukins are involved with inflammation.
14. IRAK
is a cytokine receptor activated kinase that binds MyD88 and TRAF6. The
IRAK-TRAF6 complex activates TAK1 protein that will activate either the MAP
kinase cascade or the NF-κB pathway. Which family of cytokine receptors
can activate IRAK?
1. Chemokines
family
2. Hematopoietin
family
3. Interferons
family
4. Interleukin
1 family
5. Interleukin
17 family
Answer: D
Section: Six Families of Cytokines and Associated Receptor
Molecules
Difficulty: 3
Hint: Interleukins are frequently used in signaling pathways.
15. IL-2,
GM-CSF, erythropoietin, prolactin, and IL-12 are representatives of which
cytokine family?
1. Chemokines
family
2. Hematopoietin
family
3. Interferon
family
4. Interleukin
1 family
5. Interleukin
17 family
Answer: B
Section: Six Families of Cytokines and Associated Receptor
Molecules
Difficulty: 2
Hint: GM-CSF and erythropoietin stimulate blood cell
development.
16. Which
family of cytokines was the first to be discovered?
1. Chemokines
family
2. Hematopoietin
family
3. Interferons
family
4. Interleukin
1 family
5. Tumor
Necrosis Factor family
Answer: C
Section: Six Families of Cytokines and Associated Receptor
Molecules
Difficulty: 1
Hint: Interferon history.
17. Members
of type I and type III interferon are responsible for controlling:
1. viral
replication within host cells.
2. TC destruction
of viral infected host cells.
3. proliferation
of viral infected host cells.
4. apoptosis
of viral infected host cells.
5. Both
A and C
Answer: E
Section: Six Families of Cytokines and Associated Receptor
Molecules
Difficulty: 2
Hint: Interferons are used to regulate viral infections.
18. Which
family of cytokine receptors uses the Janus activated kinase (JAK) family of
tyrosine kinases?
1. Chemokines
family
2. Hematopoietin
family
3. Interferons
family
4. Interleukin
17 family
5. Tumor
Necrosis Factor family
Answer: C
Section: Six Families of Cytokines and Associated Receptor
Molecules
Difficulty: 2
Hint: JAK kinases are often sites of viral entry into cells.
19. Which
family of cytokines regulates target-cell development, proliferation, or death?
1. Chemokines
family
2. Hematopoietin
family
3. Interferons
family
4. Interleukin
1 family
5. Tumor
Necrosis Factor family
Answer: E
Section: Six Families of Cytokines and Associated Receptor
Molecules
Difficulty: 1
Hint: TNF can trigger apoptosis.
20. This
family of cytokines is the most recently discovered and contains cytokines that
contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity.
1. Chemokines
family
2. Interferons
family
3. Interleukin
1 family
4. Interleukin
17 family
5. Tumor
Necrosis Factor family
Answer: D
Section: Six Families of Cytokines and Associated Receptor
Molecules
Difficulty: 1
Hint: Interleukins represent a relatively new division within
cytokines.
21. _______
are proteins that inhibit the activity of various cytokines.
1. β-blockers
2. Cytokine
antagonists
3. Cytokine
receptors
4. G
proteins
5. JAK
kinases
Answer: B
Section: Cytokine Antagonists
Difficulty: 1
Hint: Antagonists block signaling pathways or receptor
molecules.
22. Epstein-Barr
virus produces an IL-10 homologue. What is the purpose of the IL-10 homologue?
1. The
IL-10 homologue binds to cell receptors to prevent other viruses from infecting
the host cell.
2. The
IL-10 homologue binds to the cell receptor to prevent cytokines from triggering
an inflammatory response.
3. The
IL-10 homologue binds all plasma-soluble cytokines to prevent an immune
response.
4. The
IL-10 homologue binds to cell receptors to trigger an early inflammatory
response.
5. The
IL-10 homologue serves no purpose.
Answer: B
Section: Cytokine Antagonists
Hint: Cytokine receptors and signaling pathways represent a
common site of viral entry into a host cell.
Difficulty: 2
23. Variola
virus, the causative agent of small pox, produces soluble TNF receptors. What
advantage does the production of a TNF receptor have for avoiding immune
response?
1. TNF
represents a family of soluble cytokines. By producing soluble receptors that
bind cytokines, then the cytokine effector response is eliminated and only a
limited immune response will occur.
2. TNF
receptors bind to cells of the immune system and prevent the release of
cytokines.
3. TNF
receptors block transcription within infected cells so that new virus particles
cannot be made.
4. TNF
receptors bind to TC cells, preventing lysis of infected cells.
5. TNF
receptors allow an infected cell to become infected by more than one variola
virion (virus particle).
Answer: A
Section: Cytokine Antagonists
Difficulty: 2
Hint: Cytokines will bind their receptors or molecules that
mimic their receptors.
24. Septic
shock is caused by:
1. clotting
factor.
2. cytokines
produced by dying cells.
3. fungal
infections.
4. gram-positive
bacteria.
5. lipid
A (an endotoxin).
Answer: E
Section: Cytokine-Related Diseases
Difficulty: 2
Hint: Lipid A is an endotoxin that can elicit a massive immune
response that usually overwhelms the immune system.
25. A
cytokine storm, or hypercytokinemia, is a condition where cytokines are
released that trigger the release of other cytokines to develop a positive
feedback loop. It is thought that the 1917–1918 Influenza pandemic induced a
cytokine storm in its victims. Which of the following mechanisms would be
BEST to stop the positive feedback loop created by a cytokine storm?
1. The
use of soluble antagonists to bind soluble cytokines
2. The
use of soluble antagonists to bind membrane-bound cytokine receptors
3. Infecting
the patient with other viruses that are known to target and kill immune cells
4. Treating
the patient with drugs that kill all immune cells
5. Nothing
can be done for the patient.
Answer: B
Section: Cytokine-Related Diseases
Difficulty: 3
Hint: To stop a positive feedback loop, signals must be blocked
on removed. Because blocking is easier in most cases than removing a
signaling molecule, antagonists are a popular option when treating positive
feedback loops.
26. Several
drugs have been developed over the past decade that target and bind to specific
cytokines (e.g., TNF-α). What detrimental health effects result from blocking
cytokines?
1. The
immune response will not be as robust because certain pathways have been
blocked.
2. Hyperstimulation
of the immune system may result in a cytokine storm (hypercytokinemia).
3. Excessive
amounts of energy will be required to maintain the immune response when so many
cytokines are present so the patient will require more than eight hours of
sleep.
4. Both
A and B are potential concerns.
5. Both
B and C are potential concerns.
Answer: D
Section: Cytokine-Based Therapies
Difficulty: 2
Hint: Cytokines direct every movement of the immune response
from cell activation to proliferation and regulation.
27. All
of the following may occur when using a low dosage of a cytokine to treat a
virus infection EXCEPT:
1.
2. faster
recovery time.
3. hyperstimulation
of the immune system.
4. increased
chance of fever.
5. No
result will occur.
Answer: E
Section: Cytokine-Related Diseases
Difficulty: 1
Hint: Cytokines always produce an effect if their receptor is
present.
28. All
of the following reasons contribute to the current low usages of cytokine
therapy in medicine EXCEPT:
1. Cytokines
have a short half-life, usually less than 10 min.
2. Cytokines
may be bound by soluble receptors and never reach their target cell.
3. Cytokine
injections often cause an allergic reaction because rabbits make the perfect
cytokine factory.
4. Cytokines
may result in an unexpected or overly powerful immune response.
5. Cytokines
must be given multiple times on a specific schedule.
Answer: C
Section: Cytokine-Based Therapies
Difficulty: 2
Hint: Cytokines are highly regulated signaling molecules that
typically work on self or neighboring cells.
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