Juvenile Justice 6th International Edition by Kären M. Hess – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 3 – Theories of Delinquency and Juvenile Offending

 

Multiple Choice 

 

1.   The two theories that exist to explain the purpose of the law are:

2.   strain theory and deviance theory

3.   decency theory and inhumane theory

4.   radical theory and dominant theory

5.   consensus theory and conflict theory

ANS:   D                                 REF 64-65                  LO: 2

 

2.   The theory that suggests individuals within a society agree on basic values is called:

3.   decency theory

4.   common theory

5.   consensus theory

6.   dominant theory

ANS:   C                                 REF:  64                      LO: 2

 

3.   Which of the following suggests that laws are established to keep the ruling class in power?

4.   conflict theory

5.   consensus theory

6.   dominant theory

d          common theory

ANS:   A                                 REF:  65                      LO: 2

 

4.   The Durkheimian perspective views punishment:

5.   as revenge

6.   as an ineffective means to restore social order

7.   as a short-term means to solidify social order

8.   as unnecessary

ANS:   A                                 REF: 64                       LO: 3

 

5.   The Marxist perspective views punishment:

6.   as a means to elevate the lower class

7.   as a way to preserve the upper class

8.   as cruel and unjustified

9.   as inhumane

ANS:   B                                 REF:  66                      LO: 3

 

6.   The two competing world views that exist regarding responsibility for crime are:

7.   the pessimist view and the optimist view

8.   the deterrence view and the offensive view

9.   the classical view and the positivist view

10.                the consensus view and the dominance view

ANS:   C                                 REF:  65                      LO: 4

7.   ____________ describes how two different organisms can live together in a mutually

beneficial relationship.

1.   Phrenology

2.   Endomorphism

3.   Symbiosis

4.   Physiognomy

ANS:   C                                 REF: 77                       LO: 5

 

8.   Psychological theories draw attention to the variety of individual factors that help differentiate delinquents from nondelinquents. These factors may be any one of the following EXCEPT:

9.   low impulse control

10.                body types predict predisposition to criminal behavior

11.                intelligence callousness

12.                learned attitudes, values and behaviors

ANS:   B                                 REF: 73                       LO: 6

 

9.   Biological theorists believe that:

10.                environment impacts criminal behavior more than heredity

11.                negative reinforcement is the strongest predictor of criminality

12.                criminals are born, not made

13.                criminal behavior is reduced through extinction

ANS:   C                                 REF:  71                      LO: 6

 

10.                The biosocial perspective includes all of the following elements EXCEPT:

11.                Family studies

12.                Twin studies

13.                Adoption studies

14.                Community studies

ANS:   D                                 REF:  72                      LO: 5

 

11.                The different types of Sociological theories include all of the following EXCEPT:

12.                Strain Theory

13.                Social Disorganization Theory

14.                Labeling Theory

15.                Functionalism

ANS:   C                                 REF: 75 – 80               LO: 6

 

12.                The social disorganization theory did NOT contend that:

13.                urban areas produce delinquency due to weak community controls

14.                delinquency was passed down from one generation to the next

15.                high residential turnover had little impact on social disorganization

16.                many different ethnic groups could key role in social disorganization

ANS:   C                                 REF: 78                       LO: 6

 

 

 

13.                The basis of the anomie or strain theory was that:

14.                since most people strive for the American Dream and fall short, they experience a strain

15.                people who worked long hours in mills were physically strained, causing stress

16.                people aren’t motivated by monetary gains in our society

17.                owners of large mills needed to share in the physical work load during the Depression

ANS:   A                                 REF:  79                      LO: 6

 

14.                Sutherland and Cressey (1939) proposed that the principal part of learning about criminal behavior occurs:

15.                when a person is victimized

16.                when a family member is victimized

17.                within intimate personal groups

18.                despite positive reinforcement

ANS:   C                                 REF:  81                      LO: 6

 

15.                According to body type theories, the somatotype that corresponds to an “athletic, muscular, aggressive” personality is:

16.                endomorphic

17.                macromorphic

18.                mesomorphic

19.                ectomorphic

ANS:   C                                 REF:  71                      LO: 6

 

16.                Crimes that were originally differentiated as mala in se have the following characteristics EXCEPT:

17.                wrong in and of itself

18.                origin in mores

19.                natural law

20.                human-made law

ANS:   D                                 REF: 63                       LO: 1

 

17.                Bohm explains that negative reinforcement:

18.                increases a stimulus that maintains a response

19.                removes or reduces a stimulus

20.                does not employ aversion stimulus

21.                seldom is effective to change behavior

ANS:   B                                 REF: 82                       LO: 6

 

18.                Social control theorists focus on:

19.                why people commit crime

20.                why people hurt others

21.                why people do not commit crimes

22.                why people do not learn from consequences

ANS:   C                                 REF:  80                      LO: 6

 

19.                Primary and secondary deviance are differentiated in which of the following theories:

20.                labeling

21.                strain

22.                differential association

23.                social control

ANS:   A                                 REF: 83                       LO: 6

 

20.                A bond to society develops as a result of all EXCEPT:

21.                attachment to others

22.                commitment and involvement in conventional activities

23.                belief in the individual

24.                belief in moral order and law

ANS:   C                                 REF: 82                       LO: 6

 

21.                Labeling, conflict, and radical theory are examples of:

22.                critical theories

23.                conflict theories

24.                radical theories

25.                dissociation theory

ANS:   A                                 REF:  82                      LO: 6

 

22.                When discussing theories and delinquency, which of the following is true?

23.                social control theory is the predominant explanation

24.                social learning theory is the predominant explanation

25.                a single theory is not sufficient to explain delinquency

26.                psychological theory is the predominant explanation

ANS:   C                                 REF: 84                       LO: 7

 

23.                Primary deviance is:

24.                the initial criminal act

25.                the initial criminal thought

26.                the act of retribution

27.                the accepting of the criminal label

ANS:   A                                 REF: 83                       LO: 6

 

24.                Conflict theory emphasizes which of the following?

25.                how law is used as a means by which certain groups dominate others

26.                how education is used as a means to influence youth

27.                how society is impacted by a variety of influences

28.                how individuals positively resolve conflict

ANS:   A                                 REF:  65                      LO:  2

 

 

 

 

25.                A motivated offender, suitable target, and a lack of a capable guardian are examples of       which of the following theories?

26.                social control

27.                routine activity

28.                social disorganization

29.                strain

ANS:   B                                 REF: 84                       LO: 6

 

26.                Throughout history, law has served many secondary functions which include all of the       following EXCEPT:

27.                protect the interests of society

28.                govern behavior

29.                allow antisocial behavior

30.                enforce moral beliefs

ANS:   C                                 REF:    63-64              LO: 2

 

27.                Principles of classical theory include all of the following EXCEPT:

28.                individuals have free will

29.                focus is on behavior

30.                laws should bring the greatest measure of happiness to the largest number of people

31.                those who break the law should be punished according to penalties established in the law

ANS:   B                                 REF:  66                      LO:  5

 

28.                Principles of the positivist theory include all of the following EXCEPT:

29.                the focus is on the criminal

30.                individuals’ actions are determined not by free will but by biological and cultural factors

31.                the purpose of law is to avert revolution and convince the masses to accept the social                           order

32.                individuals have free will

ANS:   D                                 REF:  68                      LO: 5

 

29.                Biosocial criminologists can point to empirical evidence from all of the following sources EXCEPT:

30.                family studies

31.                friend studies

32.                twin studies

33.                adoption studies

ANS:   B                                 REF:  70-71                LO:  6

 

30.                Psychological causes of crime include all of the following EXCEPT:

31.                criminals are insane

32.                mental and moral degeneration cause crime

33.                personality is developed in early childhood

34.                certain people have personalities so deviant that they have little or no control over their

impulses

ANS:   A                                 REF:  73                      LO: 6

True/False 

 

1.   The Durkheimian perspective sees punishment as a way to restore and solidify the social order.

ANS:   true                              REF: 64                       LO: 3

 

2.   Acts considered immoral or wrong in themselves, such as murder and rape, are called mala prohibita.

ANS:   false                             REF:  63                      LO: 1

 

3.   Consensus theory was expanded upon by the French historian and philosopher Charles de Montesquieu.

ANS:   true                              REF:  64                      LO: 2

 

4.   Sutherland posited the proposition that criminal behavior is learned through imitation or modeling.

ANS:   true                              REF: 81                       LO: 6

 

5.   An example of conflict theory would be today’s vagrancy laws.

ANS:   true                              REF:  65                      LO: 2

 

6.   Marx saw punishment as a way to diminish the power of the upper class and an inevitable result of capitalism.

ANS:   false                             REF:  65                      LO: 3

 

7.   A leader of the classical school was Cesare Beccaria.

ANS:   true                              REF:  66                      LO: 5

 

8.   Robert Agnew suggested that most people are more interested in being treated fairly in whatever goals they pursue.

ANS:   true                              REF:  80                      LO: 6

 

9.   According to the general theory of crime, prior crime has no relationship to subsequent crime.

ANS:   false                             REF: 84                       LO: 6

 

10.                Critical theories include labeling theory, conflict theory and social disorganization.

ANS:   false                             REF: 82                       LO: 2

 

11.                Classical theorists believed that delinquency was the result of free will.

ANS:   true                              REF:  66                      LO: 4

 

12.                The focus of the classical view of criminality is on the criminal.

ANS:   false                             REF:  67                      LO: 5

 

13.                Functionalism promotes social solidarity and clarification and the maintenance of social boundaries.

ANS:   true                              REF: 78                       LO: 6

 

14.                In the 1950s group counseling became common in most juvenile institutions.

ANS:   true                              REF: 72                       LO: 6

 

15.                Psychological theories explaining crime contend that individual differences in

thinking or emotion regulation can explain why some people commit crime and

others do not.

ANS:   true                              REF: 73                       LO: 6

 

16.                Proponents of the classical view advocate rehabilitation for offenders.

ANS:   false                             REF:  67                      LO: 5

 

17.                A combination of theories should be considered when attempting to explain delinquency.

ANS:   true                              REF: 84                       LO: 7

 

18.                Research indicates that identical twins were more likely to demonstrate concordance than were fraternal twins.

ANS:   true                              REF:  71                      LO: 6

 

19.                The focus of the positivist view of criminality is on the crime.

ANS:   false                             REF:  68                      LO: 4

 

20.                Social control theorists focus on why people commit crime.

ANS:   false                             REF:  80                      LO: 6

 

 

Short Answer       

 

1.   Acts that are considered immoral or wrong in and of themselves; for example, murder are called __________________.

ANS:   MALA IN SE                                       REF:   63                     LO: 1

 

2.   A person becomes delinquent because of a(n) _____________ favorable to the violation of law over definitions unfavorable to the violation of law.

ANS:   EXCESS OF DEFINITIONS                        REF:  80                      LO: 6

 

3.   Two prominent theories about the underlying purpose of law are ____________ and __________.

ANS:   CONSENSUS, CONFLICT              REF:  64-65                LO: 2

 

4.   This theory holds that individuals within a society agree on basic values is ______________.

ANS:   CONSENSUS THEORY                   REF:  64                      LO: 2

5.   The breakdown of societal norms as a result of society’s failure to distinguish between right and wrong is ________________.

ANS:   ANOMIE                                            REF:  65                      LO: 3

 

6.   Shaw and McKay’s ____________________theory contended that urban areas produced delinquency directly by generating a subculture of delinquency passé on from one generation to the next.

ANS:   SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION      REF: 78                       LO: 6

 

7.   Those acts prohibited because they infringe on others’ rights, not because they are necessarily considered evil by nature, such as having more than one wife, are called ___________.

ANS:   MALA PROHIBITA                            REF:  63                      LO: 1

 

8.   The Durkheimian perspective sees punishment as revenge and as a way to ___________ and ____________ the social order.

ANS:  RESTORE, SOLIDIFY                      REF:  64                      LO: 3

 

9.   Marx saw punishment as a way to enhance the ___________ of the upper class and an inevitable result of capitalism.

ANS:   POWER                                              REF:  65                      LO: 3

 

10.                Two distinct and opposing views exist as to whom or what is responsible for crime, the ______________ and the _________________.

ANS:   CLASSICAL, POSITIVIST              REF:  66                      LO: 4

 

11.                In labeling theory, _______________ is the initial criminal act and ______________ is accepting the criminal label.

ANS:   PRIMARY DEVIANCE, SECONDARY DEVIANCE      REF:  82          LO: 6

 

12.                Lombroso believed that criminals were literally born not made; consequently, the primary cause of crime was ______________.

ANS:   BIOLOGICAL                                   REF:  68                      LO: 6

 

13.                The positivist world view holds that humans are shaped by their society and are the product of ___________and ____________ influences.

ANS:   ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL             REF: 68           LO: 4

 

14.                Proponents of the positivist view advocate ____________ for offenders.

ANS:   REHABILITATION                          REF:  69                      LO: 5

 

15.                _______________ views human behavior as the product of multiple environmental and cultural influences rather than a single factor.

ANS:   DETERMINISM                                REF: 69                       LO: 5

 

 

Essay 

 

1.   Differentiate between classical theory and positivist theories.

ANS:

*Classical theory         –          individuals have free will

–           the focus is on crime

*Positivist theory        –           individuals actions are determined by biological and

cultural factors

• the focus is on the criminal

REF:    66-68   LO: 4

 

2.   Discuss the two theories that exist to explain the purpose of the law.

ANS:   *Consensus theory      –           holds that individuals within a society agree

on basic values, on what is inherently right and wrong.

*Conflict theory       –             suggests that laws are established to keep the dominant class in power

REF:    64-66               LO:  2

 

3.   Discuss Deterrence and note the difference between specific deterrence and general deterrence.

ANS:

Several aspects of the classical view are found in the juvenile justice system.  Classical theory suggests that the threat of punishment will lower youths’ tendency toward delinquency.  If the punishment is severe enough, youths will avoid delinquent activity, a process known as deterrence. As first mentioned in Chapter 2, deterrence aimed at a particular offender, such as sentencing a juvenile shoplifter to probation or community service, is called specific deterrence; the sanction is intended to dissuade that juvenile from further delinquency.  When such a sanction influences other juveniles’ behavior and turns them away from delinquency by demonstrating the consequences of aberrant conduct, it is called general deterrence.

REF:  67                      LO:  6

 

4.   Differentiate between the function of punishment according to the Durkheimian and Marxist perspectives.

ANS:   *Durkheimian –           punishment is a way to restore and solidify the social order

–           The general population is involved in the act of punishing, giving it legitimacy

–           is marked by deeply emotional, passionate reactions to crime

*Marxist          –          punishment as a way to control the lower class and preserve the

power of the upper class

REF:    64-66   LO:  3

 

 

 

 

 

5.   Discuss the two competing world views that have existed over the centuries. What are     the important concepts of each view?

ANS:

*Classical theory         –           individuals have free will, the focus is on crime

–           the focus is on crime

*Positivist theory        –           individuals actions are determined by biological and

cultural factors

–           the focus is on the criminal

REF:    66-68   LO:  4

 

 

Chapter 5- Juvenile Victims

 

Multiple Choice

 

1.   The largest single cause of death in young children is:

2.   child abuse

3.   malnutrition

4.   second-hand smoke

5.   neglect

ANS:   D                     REF: 134                     LO:  2

 

2.   The following are the three levels of abuse EXCEPT:

3.   collective

4.   institutional

5.   correctional

6.   individual

ANS:   C                     REF: 134                     LO:  3

 

3.   The most common form of child maltreatment is:

4.   child abuse

5.   neglect

6.   malnutrition

7.   inconsistent healthcare

ANS:   B                     REF:  134        LO:  4

 

4.   Behavioral indicators of neglect may include all of the following EXCEPT:

5.   begging

6.   stealing food

7.   inappropriate dress

8.   constant fatigue

ANS:   C                     REF: 137                     LO:  5

 

5.   Physical or sexual assault is a higher risk in families with:

6.   step-parents/sibling and single parents

7.   two biological parents

8.   two adoptive parents

9.   two foster parents

ANS:   A                     REF:  134        LO:  5

 

6.   The Missing Children’s Act passed in 1984, does NOT define a missing child as:

7.   one whose age is less than 21 years of age

8.   one whose whereabouts are unknown to such individual’s legal custodian

9.   one whose disappearance indicates that the child has been removed from the legal guardian’s control without the custodian’s consent

10.                one whose circumstances indicate the child is likely to be abused or sexually exploited

ANS:   A                     REF:  149                    LO:   11

7.   ___________ strain refers to real-life strains experienced by others when around a victimized individual.

8.   Secondary

9.   Peripheral

10.                Vicarious

11.                Projected

ANS:   C                     REF: 142                     LO: 9

 

8.   Typically, the three components of child abuse/neglect laws are the following EXCEPT:

9.   criminal definitions and penalties

10.                a mandate to report suspected cases

11.                mental health treatment

12.                civil processes for removing a child from the abusive or neglectful environment

ANS:   C                     REF:   138                   LO:  6

 

9.   The two leading causes of child abuse are thought to be:

10.                violence between spouses and poverty

11.                ongoing exposure to violent video games and movies

12.                malnutrition and lack of health care

13.                drugs and alcohol abuse

ANS:   A                     REF:   140                   LO: 7

 

10.                Individual maltreatment includes situations when:

11.                there is sexual abuse of a child

12.                one or more people emotionally abuse a child

13.                one or more people physically abuse a child

14.                students bully peers at school

ANS:   D                     REF:   142       LO:  3

 

11.                Child abuse can be directly linked with:

12.                illiteracy

13.                drug abuse

14.                DUI/DWI

15.                delinquency

ANS:   D                     REF:   143                   LO:  9

 

12.                Victimization rates are:

13.                inversely related to age, with the youngest children being the highest

14.                similar among all ages, with the median age being 8

15.                highest among foster parents

16.                highest among legal guardians

ANS:   A               REF: 131               LO:   9

 

 

 

13.                The two organizations that have concurrent jurisdiction for missing and exploited children are:

14.                NAF and OJJDP

15.                ACYF and OJJDP

16.                Communities in Action and NAF

17.                ACYF and CPS

ANS:   B                     REF:   155       LO:   10

 

14.                Warning signs of suicide often include all of the following EXCEPT:

15.                threatening to kill oneself, and talking as if no one cares

16.                preparing for death, such as giving away possessions

17.                expressing hopelessness and giving up on oneself

18.                wearing dark clothing

ANS:   D                     REF:   158                   LO:   13

 

15.                Collective maltreatment is seen in the effects of:

16.                poverty and other forms of social injustice

17.                sickness and hospitalization

18.                gang activity

19.                poor educational facilities

ANS:   A                     REF: 134                     LO:  5

 

16.                The broken home, in and of itself:

17.                causes delinquency

18.                does not cause delinquency

19.                causes physical abuse

20.                causes emotional abuse

ANS:   B                     REF:  136                    LO:  5

 

17.                The leading cause of teen suicide is:

18.                drug use

19.                untreated anxiety

20.                alcohol abuse

21.                untreated depression

ANS:   D                     REF:   157                   LO:   12

 

18.                OJJDP is focused on:

19.                social welfare and emergency care approaches for missing and exploited children

20.                educational approaches for missing and exploited children

21.                mental health approaches for missing and exploited children

22.                the challenges missing children present to law enforcement and the justice system

ANS:   D               REF:  155              LO:   10

 

 

 

 

19.                Most maltreatment cases enter the child welfare system through:

20.                school counselors

21.                hospitalization

22.                Child Protective Services

23.                National Institute of Mental Health

ANS:   C               REF: 131               LO:  1

 

20.                All states mandate agencies to do the following EXCEPT:

21.                assess reports of child abuse and neglect

22.                investigate reports of child abuse and neglect

23.                offer rehabilitative services to families where maltreatment has or is likely to occur

24.                offer home educational services to families where maltreatment is likely to occur

ANS:   D               REF: 131               LO:  6

 

21.                An act or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm or serious risk of harm to a child is referred to as:

22.                maltreatment

23.                abuse

24.                neglect

25.                exploitation

ANS:   A               REF:  131              LO:  3

 

22.                Most common types of maltreatment include all of the following EXCEPT:

23.                neglect and medical neglect

24.                physical abuse and sexual abuse

25.                psychological maltreatment

26.                emotional maltreatment

ANS:   D               REF:  131              LO: 3

 

23.                Sexual abuse by a parent or other family member is referred to as:

24.                suprafamilial sexual abuse

25.                intrafamilial sexual abuse

26.                extrafamilial sexual abuse

27.                parafamilial sexual abuse

ANS:   B               REF:   144             LO: 4

 

24.                Rates of victimization of females are typically:

25.                about the same as that of boys

26.                slightly lower than that of boys

27.                higher than that of boys

28.                considerably lower than that of boys

ANS:   C               REF:   148             LO:   9

 

 

 

 

25.                The “dark underbelly of cohabitation” refers to:

26.                drug abuse

27.                abusive-boyfriend syndrome

28.                alcoholism

29.                depression

ANS:   B               REF:   134             LO: 4

 

26.                __________ ________ are emergency messages broadcast when a law enforcement       agency determines that a child has been abducted and is in imminent danger:

27.                Amber Alert

28.                Caution Alert

29.                All Points Alert

30.                SOS Alert

ANS:   A               REF: 154                           LO 11

 

27.                Physical indicators of child neglect include all of the following EXCEPT:

28.                frequent hunger

29.                poor hygiene

30.                appropriate dress

31.                consistent lack of supervision

ANS:   C               REF: 19                             LO:   3

 

28.                Behavioral indicators of neglect may include all of the following EXCEPT:

29.                begging

30.                stealing food

31.                highly energetic

32.                alcohol or drug abuse

ANS:   C              REF:  19                             LO:   7

 

29.                The three primary risk factors for child abuse include all of the following EXCEPT:

30.                domestic violence

31.                poverty

32.                individual temperamental factors

33.                wealth

ANS:   D             REF: 26                               LO:   6

 

30.                Physical Indicators of child neglect include all of the following EXCEPT:

31.                frequent hunger

32.                poor hygiene

33.                inappropriate dress

34.                falling asleep in class

ANS:   D                     REF: 137                     LO:  3

 

 

 

 

True/False

 

1.   It is estimated that 500,000 teens attempt suicide every year with 5,000 succeeding.

ANS:   true            REF: 158               LO:   12

 

2.   Investigations concluded that an estimated 899,000 children were abused or neglected during 2005.

ANS:   true            REF: 131               LO:  1

 

3.   Maltreated youths are at an increased risk for performing poorly in school and displaying symptoms of mental illness.

ANS:   true            REF: 132               LO:  1

 

4.   The risk of kidnapping increases substantially for male juveniles after age nine.

ANS:   false           REF:  153              LO:   9

 

5.   More than half of all maltreatment victims are white.

ANS:   true            REF:  131              LO:   9

 

6.   Foster parents, residential facility staff and legal guardians each made up less than one percent of maltreatment perpetrators.

ANS:   true            REF:  132              LO: 4

 

7.   Child abuse has been identified as the leading cause of death of young children.

ANS:   true            REF: 134               LO:  2

 

8.   Vicarious strain refers to real-life strains experienced by others around the individual.

ANS:   true            REF: 142               LO:  9

 

9.   The broken home, in and of itself, causes delinquency.

ANS:   false           REF:  136              LO:   4

 

10.                Children who are abused are less likely to be violent themselves.

ANS:   false           REF:  143              LO:   7

 

11.                Premature birth increases a child’s risk of being abused.

ANS:   true            REF:  140              LO:   6

 

12.                Children who experience intrafamily violence are no more at risk for child abuse than children who are exposed to this type of violence.

ANS:   false           REF:  141              LO:   6

 

13.                Witnessing actual violence or fearing its potential occurrence has no real effect on children.

ANS:   false           REF: 142               LO: 9

 

14.                Child abuse has been directly linked with delinquency.

ANS:   true            REF:  143              LO:    8

 

15.                A central complexity of the juvenile victim justice system is that it encompasses two distinct subsystems, the criminal justice system and the child protection system.

ANS:   true            REF:   161             LO:   8

 

16.                Cultural values do not play a role in determining what constitutes abuse.

ANS:   false           REF:   147             LO: 3

 

17.                Less than one-third of violent crimes with juvenile victims occur in a residence.

ANS:   false           REF:   149             LO:   4

 

18.                More than one-third of juvenile victims of violent crime are under age 16.

ANS:   false           REF:   148             LO: 9

 

19.                Researchers theorized that early puberty creates unusually high levels of distress for adolescents.

ANS:   true            REF: 151               LO:   8

 

20.                The Cycle of Violence has been used to describe the phenomenon by whereby a victim is transformed into a victimizer over time:

ANS:   true            REF: 142               LO:   7

 

 

Short Answer

 

1.   Most maltreatment cases enter the child welfare system through___________ agencies.

ANS:   CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES             REF: 131                     LO: 1

 

2.   Victimization rates were highest among young children from _________________. (Provide an age range.)

ANS:   BIRTH TO AGE 4                             REF: 131                     LO:  10

 

3.   The leading cause of suicide is untreated ___________________.

ANS:   DEPRESSION                                  REF: 157                           LO:   12

 

4.   The two most frequently mentioned personal problems indicated by runaway youth were ___________ and ____________.

ANS:   POOR SELF-IMAGE; DEPRESSION         REF: 155                                 LO: 10