Juvenile Justice 6th Edition by Kären M. Hess – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 3 – Theories of Delinquency and Juvenile Offending

 

Multiple Choice 

 

1.   The two theories that exist to explain the purpose of the law are:

2.   strain theory and deviance theory

3.   decency theory and inhumane theory

4.   radical theory and dominant theory

5.   consensus theory and conflict theory

ANS:   D                                 REF 64-65                  LO: 2

 

2.   The theory that suggests individuals within a society agree on basic values is called:

3.   decency theory

4.   common theory

5.   consensus theory

6.   dominant theory

ANS:   C                                 REF:  64                      LO: 2

 

3.   Which of the following suggests that laws are established to keep the ruling class in power?

4.   conflict theory

5.   consensus theory

6.   dominant theory

d          common theory

ANS:   A                                 REF:  65                      LO: 2

 

4.   The Durkheimian perspective views punishment:

5.   as revenge

6.   as an ineffective means to restore social order

7.   as a short-term means to solidify social order

8.   as unnecessary

ANS:   A                                 REF: 64                       LO: 3

 

5.   The Marxist perspective views punishment:

6.   as a means to elevate the lower class

7.   as a way to preserve the upper class

8.   as cruel and unjustified

9.   as inhumane

ANS:   B                                 REF:  66                      LO: 3

 

6.   The two competing world views that exist regarding responsibility for crime are:

7.   the pessimist view and the optimist view

8.   the deterrence view and the offensive view

9.   the classical view and the positivist view

10.                the consensus view and the dominance view

ANS:   C                                 REF:  65                      LO: 4

7.   ____________ describes how two different organisms can live together in a mutually

beneficial relationship.

1.   Phrenology

2.   Endomorphism

3.   Symbiosis

4.   Physiognomy

ANS:   C                                 REF: 77                       LO: 5

 

8.   Psychological theories draw attention to the variety of individual factors that help differentiate delinquents from nondelinquents. These factors may be any one of the following EXCEPT:

9.   low impulse control

10.                body types predict predisposition to criminal behavior

11.                intelligence callousness

12.                learned attitudes, values and behaviors

ANS:   B                                 REF: 73                       LO: 6

 

9.   Biological theorists believe that:

10.                environment impacts criminal behavior more than heredity

11.                negative reinforcement is the strongest predictor of criminality

12.                criminals are born, not made

13.                criminal behavior is reduced through extinction

ANS:   C                                 REF:  71                      LO: 6

 

10.                The biosocial perspective includes all of the following elements EXCEPT:

11.                Family studies

12.                Twin studies

13.                Adoption studies

14.                Community studies

ANS:   D                                 REF:  72                      LO: 5

 

11.                The different types of Sociological theories include all of the following EXCEPT:

12.                Strain Theory

13.                Social Disorganization Theory

14.                Labeling Theory

15.                Functionalism

ANS:   C                                 REF: 75 – 80               LO: 6

 

12.                The social disorganization theory did NOT contend that:

13.                urban areas produce delinquency due to weak community controls

14.                delinquency was passed down from one generation to the next

15.                high residential turnover had little impact on social disorganization

16.                many different ethnic groups could key role in social disorganization

ANS:   C                                 REF: 78                       LO: 6

 

 

 

13.                The basis of the anomie or strain theory was that:

14.                since most people strive for the American Dream and fall short, they experience a strain

15.                people who worked long hours in mills were physically strained, causing stress

16.                people aren’t motivated by monetary gains in our society

17.                owners of large mills needed to share in the physical work load during the Depression

ANS:   A                                 REF:  79                      LO: 6

 

14.                Sutherland and Cressey (1939) proposed that the principal part of learning about criminal behavior occurs:

15.                when a person is victimized

16.                when a family member is victimized

17.                within intimate personal groups

18.                despite positive reinforcement

ANS:   C                                 REF:  81                      LO: 6

 

15.                According to body type theories, the somatotype that corresponds to an “athletic, muscular, aggressive” personality is:

16.                endomorphic

17.                macromorphic

18.                mesomorphic

19.                ectomorphic

ANS:   C                                 REF:  71                      LO: 6

 

16.                Crimes that were originally differentiated as mala in se have the following characteristics EXCEPT:

17.                wrong in and of itself

18.                origin in mores

19.                natural law

20.                human-made law

ANS:   D                                 REF: 63                       LO: 1

 

17.                Bohm explains that negative reinforcement:

18.                increases a stimulus that maintains a response

19.                removes or reduces a stimulus

20.                does not employ aversion stimulus

21.                seldom is effective to change behavior

ANS:   B                                 REF: 82                       LO: 6

 

18.                Social control theorists focus on:

19.                why people commit crime

20.                why people hurt others

21.                why people do not commit crimes

22.                why people do not learn from consequences

ANS:   C                                 REF:  80                      LO: 6

 

19.                Primary and secondary deviance are differentiated in which of the following theories:

20.                labeling

21.                strain

22.                differential association

23.                social control

ANS:   A                                 REF: 83                       LO: 6

 

20.                A bond to society develops as a result of all EXCEPT:

21.                attachment to others

22.                commitment and involvement in conventional activities

23.                belief in the individual

24.                belief in moral order and law

ANS:   C                                 REF: 82                       LO: 6

 

21.                Labeling, conflict, and radical theory are examples of:

22.                critical theories

23.                conflict theories

24.                radical theories

25.                dissociation theory

ANS:   A                                 REF:  82                      LO: 6

 

22.                When discussing theories and delinquency, which of the following is true?

23.                social control theory is the predominant explanation

24.                social learning theory is the predominant explanation

25.                a single theory is not sufficient to explain delinquency

26.                psychological theory is the predominant explanation

ANS:   C                                 REF: 84                       LO: 7

 

23.                Primary deviance is:

24.                the initial criminal act

25.                the initial criminal thought

26.                the act of retribution

27.                the accepting of the criminal label

ANS:   A                                 REF: 83                       LO: 6

 

24.                Conflict theory emphasizes which of the following?

25.                how law is used as a means by which certain groups dominate others

26.                how education is used as a means to influence youth

27.                how society is impacted by a variety of influences

28.                how individuals positively resolve conflict

ANS:   A                                 REF:  65                      LO:  2

 

 

 

 

25.                A motivated offender, suitable target, and a lack of a capable guardian are examples of       which of the following theories?

26.                social control

27.                routine activity

28.                social disorganization

29.                strain

ANS:   B                                 REF: 84                       LO: 6

 

26.                Throughout history, law has served many secondary functions which include all of the       following EXCEPT:

27.                protect the interests of society

28.                govern behavior

29.                allow antisocial behavior

30.                enforce moral beliefs

ANS:   C                                 REF:    63-64              LO: 2

 

27.                Principles of classical theory include all of the following EXCEPT:

28.                individuals have free will

29.                focus is on behavior

30.                laws should bring the greatest measure of happiness to the largest number of people

31.                those who break the law should be punished according to penalties established in the law

ANS:   B                                 REF:  66                      LO:  5

 

28.                Principles of the positivist theory include all of the following EXCEPT:

29.                the focus is on the criminal

30.                individuals’ actions are determined not by free will but by biological and cultural factors

31.                the purpose of law is to avert revolution and convince the masses to accept the social                           order

32.                individuals have free will

ANS:   D                                 REF:  68                      LO: 5

 

29.                Biosocial criminologists can point to empirical evidence from all of the following sources EXCEPT:

30.                family studies

31.                friend studies

32.                twin studies

33.                adoption studies

ANS:   B                                 REF:  70-71                LO:  6

 

30.                Psychological causes of crime include all of the following EXCEPT:

31.                criminals are insane

32.                mental and moral degeneration cause crime

33.                personality is developed in early childhood

34.                certain people have personalities so deviant that they have little or no control over their

impulses

ANS:   A                                 REF:  73                      LO: 6

True/False 

 

1.   The Durkheimian perspective sees punishment as a way to restore and solidify the social order.

ANS:   true                              REF: 64                       LO: 3

 

2.   Acts considered immoral or wrong in themselves, such as murder and rape, are called mala prohibita.

ANS:   false                             REF:  63                      LO: 1

 

3.   Consensus theory was expanded upon by the French historian and philosopher Charles de Montesquieu.

ANS:   true                              REF:  64                      LO: 2

 

4.   Sutherland posited the proposition that criminal behavior is learned through imitation or modeling.

ANS:   true                              REF: 81                       LO: 6

 

5.   An example of conflict theory would be today’s vagrancy laws.

ANS:   true                              REF:  65                      LO: 2

 

6.   Marx saw punishment as a way to diminish the power of the upper class and an inevitable result of capitalism.

ANS:   false                             REF:  65                      LO: 3

 

7.   A leader of the classical school was Cesare Beccaria.

ANS:   true                              REF:  66                      LO: 5

 

8.   Robert Agnew suggested that most people are more interested in being treated fairly in whatever goals they pursue.

ANS:   true                              REF:  80                      LO: 6

 

9.   According to the general theory of crime, prior crime has no relationship to subsequent crime.

ANS:   false                             REF: 84                       LO: 6

 

10.                Critical theories include labeling theory, conflict theory and social disorganization.

ANS:   false                             REF: 82                       LO: 2

 

11.                Classical theorists believed that delinquency was the result of free will.

ANS:   true                              REF:  66                      LO: 4

 

12.                The focus of the classical view of criminality is on the criminal.

ANS:   false                             REF:  67                      LO: 5

 

13.                Functionalism promotes social solidarity and clarification and the maintenance of social boundaries.

ANS:   true                              REF: 78                       LO: 6

 

14.                In the 1950s group counseling became common in most juvenile institutions.

ANS:   true                              REF: 72                       LO: 6

 

15.                Psychological theories explaining crime contend that individual differences in

thinking or emotion regulation can explain why some people commit crime and

others do not.

ANS:   true                              REF: 73                       LO: 6

 

16.                Proponents of the classical view advocate rehabilitation for offenders.

ANS:   false                             REF:  67                      LO: 5

 

17.                A combination of theories should be considered when attempting to explain delinquency.

ANS:   true                              REF: 84                       LO: 7

 

18.                Research indicates that identical twins were more likely to demonstrate concordance than were fraternal twins.

ANS:   true                              REF:  71                      LO: 6

 

19.                The focus of the positivist view of criminality is on the crime.

ANS:   false                             REF:  68                      LO: 4

 

20.                Social control theorists focus on why people commit crime.

ANS:   false                             REF:  80                      LO: 6

 

 

Short Answer       

 

1.   Acts that are considered immoral or wrong in and of themselves; for example, murder are called __________________.

ANS:   MALA IN SE                                       REF:   63                     LO: 1

 

2.   A person becomes delinquent because of a(n) _____________ favorable to the violation of law over definitions unfavorable to the violation of law.

ANS:   EXCESS OF DEFINITIONS                        REF:  80                      LO: 6

 

3.   Two prominent theories about the underlying purpose of law are ____________ and __________.

ANS:   CONSENSUS, CONFLICT              REF:  64-65                LO: 2

 

4.   This theory holds that individuals within a society agree on basic values is ______________.

ANS:   CONSENSUS THEORY                   REF:  64                      LO: 2

5.   The breakdown of societal norms as a result of society’s failure to distinguish between right and wrong is ________________.

ANS:   ANOMIE                                            REF:  65                      LO: 3

 

6.   Shaw and McKay’s ____________________theory contended that urban areas produced delinquency directly by generating a subculture of delinquency passé on from one generation to the next.

ANS:   SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION      REF: 78                       LO: 6

 

7.   Those acts prohibited because they infringe on others’ rights, not because they are necessarily considered evil by nature, such as having more than one wife, are called ___________.

ANS:   MALA PROHIBITA                            REF:  63                      LO: 1

 

8.   The Durkheimian perspective sees punishment as revenge and as a way to ___________ and ____________ the social order.

ANS:  RESTORE, SOLIDIFY                      REF:  64                      LO: 3

 

9.   Marx saw punishment as a way to enhance the ___________ of the upper class and an inevitable result of capitalism.

ANS:   POWER                                              REF:  65                      LO: 3

 

10.                Two distinct and opposing views exist as to whom or what is responsible for crime, the ______________ and the _________________.

ANS:   CLASSICAL, POSITIVIST              REF:  66                      LO: 4

 

11.                In labeling theory, _______________ is the initial criminal act and ______________ is accepting the criminal label.

ANS:   PRIMARY DEVIANCE, SECONDARY DEVIANCE      REF:  82          LO: 6

 

12.                Lombroso believed that criminals were literally born not made; consequently, the primary cause of crime was ______________.

ANS:   BIOLOGICAL                                   REF:  68                      LO: 6

 

13.                The positivist world view holds that humans are shaped by their society and are the product of ___________and ____________ influences.

ANS:   ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL             REF: 68           LO: 4

 

14.                Proponents of the positivist view advocate ____________ for offenders.

ANS:   REHABILITATION                          REF:  69                      LO: 5

 

15.                _______________ views human behavior as the product of multiple environmental and cultural influences rather than a single factor.

ANS:   DETERMINISM                                REF: 69                       LO: 5

 

 

Essay 

 

1.   Differentiate between classical theory and positivist theories.

ANS:

*Classical theory         –          individuals have free will

–           the focus is on crime

*Positivist theory        –           individuals actions are determined by biological and

cultural factors

• the focus is on the criminal

REF:    66-68   LO: 4

 

2.   Discuss the two theories that exist to explain the purpose of the law.

ANS:   *Consensus theory      –           holds that individuals within a society agree

on basic values, on what is inherently right and wrong.

*Conflict theory       –             suggests that laws are established to keep the dominant class in power

REF:    64-66               LO:  2

 

3.   Discuss Deterrence and note the difference between specific deterrence and general deterrence.

ANS:

Several aspects of the classical view are found in the juvenile justice system.  Classical theory suggests that the threat of punishment will lower youths’ tendency toward delinquency.  If the punishment is severe enough, youths will avoid delinquent activity, a process known as deterrence. As first mentioned in Chapter 2, deterrence aimed at a particular offender, such as sentencing a juvenile shoplifter to probation or community service, is called specific deterrence; the sanction is intended to dissuade that juvenile from further delinquency.  When such a sanction influences other juveniles’ behavior and turns them away from delinquency by demonstrating the consequences of aberrant conduct, it is called general deterrence.

REF:  67                      LO:  6

 

4.   Differentiate between the function of punishment according to the Durkheimian and Marxist perspectives.

ANS:   *Durkheimian –           punishment is a way to restore and solidify the social order

–           The general population is involved in the act of punishing, giving it legitimacy

–           is marked by deeply emotional, passionate reactions to crime

*Marxist          –          punishment as a way to control the lower class and preserve the

power of the upper class

REF:    64-66   LO:  3

 

 

 

 

 

5.   Discuss the two competing world views that have existed over the centuries. What are     the important concepts of each view?

ANS:

*Classical theory         –           individuals have free will, the focus is on crime

–           the focus is on crime

*Positivist theory        –           individuals actions are determined by biological and

cultural factors

–           the focus is on the criminal

REF:    66-68   LO:  4