Juvenile Justice 5th Edition By Kären – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 3

 

Theories of Delinquency and Juvenile Offending

 

 

TEST BANK – Chapter 3  (85 questions)

 

Multiple Choice  (25 questions)

 

1.   The two theories that exist to explain the purpose of the law are:

2.   strain theory and deviance theory

3.   decency theory and inhumane theory

4.   radical theory and dominant theory

5.   consensus theory and conflict theory *

PG: 67                                    OBJ:  2

 

2.   The theory that suggests individuals within a society agree on basic values is called:

3.   decency theory

4.   common theory

5.   consensus theory *

6.   dominant theory

PG: 67                                    OBJ:  2

 

3.   Which of the following suggests that laws are established to keep the dominant class in power?

4.   conflict theory *

5.   consensus theory

6.   dominant theory

d          common theory

PG: 68                                    OBJ:  2

 

4.   The Durkheimian perspective views punishment:

5.   as revenge *

6.   as an ineffective means to restore social order

7.   as a short-term means to solidify social order

8.   as unnecessary

PG: 67                                    OBJ:  3

 

5.   The Marxist perspective views punishment:

6.   as a means to elevate the lower class

7.   as a way to preserve the upper class *

8.   as cruel and unjustified

9.   as inhumane

PG: 69                                    OBJ:  3

 

6.   The two competing world views that exist regarding responsibility for crime are:

7.   the pessimist view and the optimist view

8.   the deterrence view and the offensive view

9.   the classical view and the positivist view *

10.                the consensus view and the dominance view

PG: 69                                    OBJ:  4

 

7.   ____________ ascertains character from physical features, especially the facial features.

8.   Phrenology

9.   Endomorphism

10.                Symbiosis

11.                Physiognomy *

PG: 73                                    OBJ:  6

 

8.   Psychological theories on crime primarily focus on:

9.   intelligence and psychoanalysis *

10.                mental and moral degeneration

11.                body types predict predisposition to criminal behavior

12.                retribution

PG: 75                                    OBJ:  6

 

9.   Biological theorists believe that:

10.                environment impacts criminal behavior more than heredity

11.                negative reinforcement is the strongest predictor of criminality

12.                criminals are born, not made *

13.                criminal behavior is reduced through extinction

PG: 72                                    OBJ:  6

 

10.                Phrenology studies were sued to support the _______ theory.

11.                biological *

12.                psychological

13.                sociological

14.                critical

PG: 73                                    OBJ:  6

 

11.                Strain theory is classified as a:

12.                biological theory

13.                sociological theory *

14.                psychological theory

15.                phenomenological theory

PG: 80                                    OBJ:  6

 

12.                The social disorganization theory did NOT contend that

13.                urban areas produce delinquency due to weak community controls

14.                delinquency was passed down from one generation to the next

15.                high residential turnover had little impact on social disorganization *

16.                many different ethnic groups could key role in social disorganization

PG: 78                                    OBJ:  6

 

13.                The basis of the anomie or strain theory was that

14.                since most people strive for the American Dream and fall short, they experience a strain *

15.                people who worked long hours in mills were physically strained, causing stress

16.                people aren’t motivated by monetary gains in our society

17.                owners of large mills needed to share in the physical work load during the Depression

PG: 80                                    OBJ:  6

 

14.                Sutherland and Cressey (1939) proposed that the principal part of learning about criminal behavior occurs

15.                when a person is victimized

16.                when a family member is victimized

17.                within intimate personal groups *

18.                despite positive reinforcement

PG: 82                                    OBJ:  6

 

15.                According to body type theories, the somatotype that corresponds to an “athletic, muscular, aggressive” personality is:

16.                endomorphic

17.                macromorphic

18.                mesomorphic *

19.                ectomorphic

PG: 73                                    OBJ:  6

 

16.                Crimes were originally differentiated as:

17.                mala prohibita

18.                lex talonis

19.                mala en se

20.                a and c *

PG: 66                                    OBJ:  1

 

17.                Bohm explains that negative reinforcement

18.                increases a stimulus that maintains a response

19.                removes or reduces a stimulus *

20.                does not employ aversion stimulus

21.                seldom is effective to change behavior

PG: 82                                    OBJ:  6

 

18.                Social control theorists focus on

19.                why people commit crime

20.                why people hurt others

21.                why people do not act unlawfully *

22.                why people do not learn from consequences

PG: 82                                    OBJ:  6

 

19.                Primary and secondary deviance are differentiated in which of the following theories?

20.                labeling *

21.                strain

22.                differential association

23.                social control

PG: 83                                    OBJ:  6

 

20.                A bond to society develops as a result of all EXCEPT

21.                attachment to others

22.                commitment and involvement in conventional activities

23.                belief in the individual *

24.                belief in moral order and law

PG: 82                                    OBJ:  6

 

21.                Labeling, conflict, and radical theory are examples of:

22.                critical theories *

23.                conflict theories

24.                radical theories

25.                dissociation theory

PG: 83                                    OBJ:  6

 

22.                When discussing theories and delinquency, which of the following is true?

23.                social control theory is the predominant explanation

24.                social learning theory is the predominant explanation

25.                a single theory is not sufficient to explain delinquency *

26.                psychological theory is the predominant explanation

PG: 84                                    OBJ:  7

 

23.                In labeling theory, it is important to differentiate between:

24.                primary deviance and secondary deviance *

25.                social deviance and primary deviance

26.                secondary deviance and psychological deviance

27.                primary deviance and psychological deviance

PG: 83                                    OBJ:  6

 

24.                Conflict theory emphasizes which of the following?

25.                how law is used as a means by which certain groups dominate others *

26.                how education is used as a means to influence youth

27.                how society is impacted by a variety of influences

28.                how individuals positively resolve conflict

PG: 68                                    OBJ:  2

 

25.                A motivated offender, suitable target, and a lack of a capable guardian are examples of which of the following theories?

26.                social control

27.                routine activity *

28.                social disorganization

29.                strain

PG: 84                                    OBJ:  6

 

 

True/False  (20 questions)    

 

1.   According to Durkheim, crime is conduct “universally disapproved of by members of each society.” T

PG: 67                                    OBJ:  3

 

2.   Acts considered immoral or wrong in themselves, such as murder and rape, are called mala prohibita. F

PG: 66                                    OBJ:  1

 

3.   Consensus theory was expanded upon by the French historian and philosopher Charles de Montesquieu. T

PG: 67                                    OBJ:  2

 

4.   Sutherland posited the proposition that criminal behavior is learned through imitation or modeling.  T

PG: 81                                    OBJ:  6

 

5.   An example of conflict theory would be today’s vagrancy laws. T

PG: 68                                    OBJ:  2

 

6.   Marx saw punishment as a way to diminish the power of the upper class and an inevitable result of capitalism. F

PG: 69                                    OBJ:  3

 

7.   A leader of the classical school was Cesare Beccaria. T

PG: 70                                    OBJ:  5

 

8.   Robert Agnew suggested that a major goal of many adolescents is autonomy from adults. T

PG: 81                                    OBJ:  6

 

9.   According to the general theory of crime, prior crime has no relationship to subsequent crime. F

PG: 86                                    OBJ:  6

 

10.                Critical theories include labeling theory, conflict theory and social disorganization. F

PG: 83                                    OBJ:  2

 

11.                Classical theorists believed that delinquency was the result of free will. T

PG: 70                                    OBJ:  4

 

12.                The focus of the classical view of criminality is on the criminal. F

PG: 70                                    OBJ:  5

 

13.                According to Messner and Rosenfeld, labeling theory calls attention to the interplay between social control and personal identity. T

PG: 83                                    OBJ:  6

 

14.                In the 1950s group counseling became common in most juvenile institutions. T

PG: 72                                    OBJ:  6

 

15.                Physiognomy assigns character traits to physical features, especially facial features. T

PG: 73                                    OBJ:  6

 

16.                Proponents of the classical view advocate rehabilitation for offenders. F

PG: 70                        OBJ:  5

 

17.                A reasonable combination of theories should be considered when attempting to explain delinquency. T

PG: 84                                    OBJ:  7

 

18.                Research indicates that identical twins were more likely to demonstrate concordance than were fraternal twins.  T

PG: 73                                    OBJ:  6

 

19.                The focus of the positivist view of criminality is on the crime. F

PG: 71                                    OBJ:  4

 

20.                Social control theorists focus on why people commit crime. F

PG: 82                                    OBJ:  6

 

 

Fill-in-the-blank/Short answer  (20 questions)     

 

1.   Acts that are considered immoral or wrong in and of themselves; for example, murder are called __________________.  MALA IN SE

PG: 66                                    OBJ:  1

 

2.   A person becomes delinquent because of a(n) _____________ favorable to the violation of law over definitions unfavorable to the violation of law. EXCESS OF DEFINITIONS

PG: 82                                    OBJ:  6

 

3.   Two prominent theories about the underlying purpose of law are ____________ and __________.  CONSENSUS, CONFLICT

PG: 67                                    OBJ:  2

 

4.   This theory holds that individuals within a society agree on basic values ______________. CONSENSUS THEORY

PG: 67                                    OBJ:  2

 

5.   The breakdown of societal norms as a result of society’s failure to distinguish between right and wrong is ________________. ANOMIE

PG: 67                                    OBJ:  3

 

6.   Shaw and McKay’s ____________________theory contended that urban areas produced delinquency directly by generating a subculture of delinquency passé on from one generation to the next. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION

PG: 78                                    OBJ:  6

 

7.   Those acts prohibited because they infringe on others’ rights, not because they are necessarily considered evil by nature, such as having more than one wife, are called ___________. MALA PROHIBITA

PG: 66                                    OBJ:  1

 

8.   The Durkheimian perspective sees punishment as revenge and as a way to ___________ and ____________ the social order. RESTORE, SOLIDIFY

PG: 67                                    OBJ:  3

 

9.   Marx saw punishment as a way to enhance the ___________ of the upper class and an inevitable result of capitalism. POWER

PG: 69                                    OBJ:  3

 

10.                Two distinct and opposing views exist as to whom or what is responsible for crime, the ______________ and the _________________. CLASSICAL, POSITIVIST

PG: 70                                    OBJ:  4

 

11.                In labeling theory, _______________ is the initial criminal act and ______________ is accepting the criminal label. PRIMARY DEVIANCE, SECONDARY DEVIANCE

PG: 83                                    OBJ:  6

 

12.                Lombroso believed that criminals were literally born not made; consequently, the primary cause of crime was ______________. BIOLOGICAL

PG: 71                                    OBJ:  6

 

 

13.                The positivist world view holds that humans are shaped by their society and are the product of ___________and ____________ influences. ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL

PG: 71                                    OBJ:  4

 

14.                Proponents of the positivist view advocate ____________ for offenders. REHABILITATION

PG: 71                                    OBJ:  5

 

15.                _______________ views human behavior as the product of multiple environmental and cultural influences rather than a single factor. DETERMINISM

PG: 71                                    OBJ:  5

 

16.                Theories about the causes of juvenile delinquency include biological, sociological, ______________, and ______________. BEHAVIORAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL

PG: 72                                    OBJ:  6

 

17.                According to learning theory, criminal behavior is reduced through ___________ or ____________. EXTINCTION, PUNISHMENT

PG: 82                                    OBJ:  6

 

18.                Classical theory suggests that if the punishment is severe enough, youths will avoid delinquent activity, this process is known as __________________. DETERRENCE

PG: 70                                    OBJ:  4

 

19.                ______________ suggests that laws are established to keep the dominant class in power. CONFLICT THEORY

PG: 68                                    OBJ:  2

 

20.                The ______________ promotes and sustains an institutional structure in which one institution, namely the economy, assumes dominance over all others. AMERICAN DREAM

PG: 80                                    OBJ:  6

 

 

Matching  (20 questions)

 

1.   concordance

2.   anomie

3.   determinism

4.   social contract

5.   primary deviance

6.   classical view of criminality

7.   radical theory

8.   critical theory

9.   positivist view of criminality

10.                conflict theory

11.                ecological model

12.                natural law

13.                routine activity theory

14.                anomie theory

15.                incapacitation

16.                social ecology theory

17.                secondary deviance

18.                consensus theory

19.                social disorganization theory

20.                labeling theory

 

1.   views society as creating deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate certain people as deviants. (t)

 

2.   an act that results because society has labeled the offender a deviant. (q)

 

3.   holds that delinquents are responsible for their own behavior, as individuals with free will. (f)

 

4.   making incapable by incarcerating. (o)

 

5.   normlessness. (b)

 

6.   the rules of conduct that are the same everywhere because they are basic to human behavior; also called mores. (l)

 

7.   a philosophy that maintains that human behavior is the product of a multitude of environmental and cultural influences. (c)

 

8.   states that urban areas produce delinquency directly by weakening community controls and generating a subculture of delinquency passed on from one generation to the next. (s)

 

9.   suggests that laws are established to keep the dominant class in power. (j)

 

10.                states that the motivations for crime do not result simply from the flaws, failures or free choices of individuals. (n)

 

11.                combines the classical free will and positivist determinism views of crime, suggesting

that humans are both self-determined and society-determined  (h)

 

12.                the original act defined as deviant by others. (e)

 

13.                contends that individuals within a society agree on basic values, on what is inherently right and wrong. (r)

14.                the belief that crime is a product of the political economy. (g)