Juvenile Delinquency Theory, Practice, and Law 12th Edition by Larry J. Siegel – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter_03_Individual_Views_of_Delinquency   True / False

 

1. An adolescent’s work experience may actually increase delinquency.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02 – 03.02 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

2. Antisocial behavior allegedly peaks in the teenage years because hormonal activity is at its highest level during this period.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

3. Evidence linking food allergies to antisocial behaviors are inconclusive.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

4. There is no relationship between adolescent aggression and disrupted dependency relations with parents.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

5. It has been argued that low IQ increases the likelihood of delinquent behavior through its effect on school performance.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

6. Youth may be forced to choose delinquent behavior to help them solve problems; by engaging in antisocial behaviors some youth are able to exert control over their lives and destinies.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02 – 03.02 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

7. Siblings living in a similar environment may develop similar types of friends; consequently, the critical influence toward delinquent behavior is that of peers rather than siblings.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

8. Positivists believe that behavior is a function of often uncontrollable factors, such as mental illness.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychological Views LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

9. Scarcity of resources increases the number of motivated offenders, which increases the delinquency rates.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.03 – 03.03 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

10. According to Freud, the superego is the unrestrained, primitive, pleasure-seeking component of the human personality with which each child is born.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

11. After-school programs are designed to reduce criminal activity; research has found that these programs do in fact reduce crime rates.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.03 – 03.03 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

12. According to deterrence theory, only the actual chance of punishment influences a youth’s decision to engage in delinquency.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04 – 03.04 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

13. Traditionally, the juvenile court relied on parens patriae which mandated children be punished for their misdeeds.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04 – 03.04 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

14. While shame can be a powerful deterrent, young offenders also seem to be influenced by forgiveness and acceptance.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04 – 03.04 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

15. DZ twins are closer than MZ twins in level of aggression and verbal skills.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

16. Specific deterrence strategies may work better with adult miscreants than with young, inexperienced juvenile offenders.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06 – 03.06 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

17. Research has linked ADHD to the onset and sustenance of a delinquent career.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

18. Male aggression may be more a matter of socialization or cultural patterns than genetic transfer.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

19. Development of culturally sensitive explanations of human behavior in the 1930s led to the nature theory of intelligence.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

20. Cognitive theory focuses on the way people perceive and mentally represent the world around them as well as how they solve problems.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

Multiple Choice

 

21. Jack wanted a new iPad, but he did not want to spend the money he was saving for his ski trip.  He then considered stealing one from a local bookstore where security was lax.  Jack deliberated between the pros—new iPad and ski trip—and the cons— getting caught for stealing the iPad.  Given the slipshod security at the bookstore, Jack decided to steal an iPad.  Of the following theories of crime and delinquency, which one best explains Jack’s behavior?   a. ​Rational choice   b. ​Neurological   c. ​Specific deterrence   d. ​Routine activities   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.01 – 03.01 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

22. Which of the following is the correct amount for incarcerating one juvenile in some jurisdictions?   a. ​$30,000.00 / year   b. ​$45,000.00 / year   c. ​$50,000.00 / year   d. ​$65,000.00 / year   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06 – 03.06 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

23. The juvenile court has been a revolving door where Jill is concerned.  The impulsivity in her decision-making is the driving force for her participation in delinquent activities and Jill’s counselor remarked that at times she feels Jill’s conduct is almost instinctual.  What theory best fits Jill’s behaviors?   a. ​Biological theory   b. ​Routine activities theory   c. ​Choice theory   d. ​Trait theory   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychological Views LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

24. ​Your friend was given an assignment to research classical criminology.  Whose writings would your friend research to understand the core principles of this theory?   a. ​Marcus Felson   b. ​Travis Hirschi   c. ​Cesare Lombroso   d. ​Cesare Beccaria   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02 – 03.02 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

25. If you wanted to study forms of retaliation in the drug trade, which form would you investigate to understand nonviolent revenge gained through resource confiscation without interaction between the retaliator and wrongdoer during the transfer?   a. ​Violent confiscation   b. ​Fraudulent retaliation   c. ​Stealth retaliation   d. ​Pure fight   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06 – 03.06 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

26. ​Which of the following best describes Beccaria’s position on punishment?   a. ​Severe and swift enough to deter crime   b. ​Sufficiently severe, certain, and swift   c. ​Certain and sufficiently severe   d. ​Swift and certain   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02 – 03.02 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

27. ​Itsey went to the ATM to withdraw cash for girls’ night out; a man came out of the shadows and threatened her with bodily harm if she did not hand the cash over to him.  Itsey was the victim of what type of crime?   a. ​Conflict theft   b. ​Situational crime   c. ​Victim precipitated crime   d. ​Predatory crime   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.03 – 03.03 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

28. According to the text, regarding effective strategies for deterring delinquency, which strategy is described as seemingly working the best?   a. ​Focusing police activities on community problems   b. ​Focusing police activities on particular problems   c. ​Focusing police activities on reports from community watch programs   d. ​Focusing the police activities on reports from school resource officers   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04 – 03.04 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

29. After reading about the crackdown on shoplifting at the local discount store by enforcing full criminal penalties allowed by law, Drew and Cole decided they would abandon their plan to steal CDs.  What crime control policy influenced their decision?   a. ​Specific deterrence   b. ​Retribution   c. ​General deterrence   d. ​Incapacitation   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04 – 03.04 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

30. Cohen and Felson posited that crimes against persons or crimes of theft are influenced by the interaction of three variables: capable guardian(s), suitable target(s), and motivated offender(s). What is the name of this theory?   a. ​Conflict theory   b. ​Social disorganization theory   c. ​Control theory   d. ​Routine activities   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.03 – 03.03 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

31. In August, Jack and Jill went on vacation.  They asked their neighbor, Cole, to keep an eye on their home and Sasha, their dog, while they were away.  Cole agreed but forgot to tell them that he would be out of town one of the days to attend a conference.  To relieve their boredom and as an end-of-summer back-to-school last hurrah, King, Itsey, and Drew, teenagers who live in the neighborhood, decided they would break into Jack and Jill’s house to steal their sizeable collection of portable electronics.  In this scenario, who is/are the capable guardian(s)?   a. ​Jack and Jill   b. ​Cole   c. ​King, Itsey, and Drew   d. ​Sasha the dog   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.03 – 03.03 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

32. What theory holds that low intelligence is generally determined and inherited?   a. ​Psychological   b. ​Nature   c. ​Realist   d. ​Nurture   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

33. ​The city council wants a crime prevention method that will reduce opportunities to commit criminal acts; the method should make opportunities more difficult to take advantage of, with rewards reduced and risk increased.  Which of the following would be most appropriate to present to the council?   a. Problem-solving police procedures   b. ​Situational crime prevention   c. ​Conflict resolution   d. ​Community policing   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06 – 03.06 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

34. The city council wants suggestions for crime prevention techniques such as installing unbreakable glass on storefronts to present to the businesses on Main Street. What is the name of this crime prevention technique?   a. ​Community policing   b. ​Situation prevention   c. ​Target hardening   d. ​Benefits diffusion   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06 – 03.06 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

35. Jill installed a camera at the front door of her boutique to dissuade shoplifting; after a month, she also found less loitering and graffiti on her storefront walls.  Which of the following describes the phenomenon Jill discovered—that a prevention method to cut back on one type of criminal activity also lowered the number of incidents of a different criminal behavior?   a. ​Target hardening   b. ​Specific deterrence   c. ​Community policing   d. ​Diffusion of benefits   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06 – 03.06 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

36. ​The idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to throwbacks of an earlier state in human evolution was formulated by Lombroso. What is the name of this concept?   a. ​Evolutionary theory   b. ​Criminal atavism   c. ​Eugenic movement   d. ​Morphism   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychological Views LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

37. Jack is susceptible to environmental influences; consequently, whenever Jack encounters adverse social environments he becomes aggressive.  Conversely, when Jack encounters supportive environments he is less aggressive than someone who is not susceptible to environmental influences.  Which of the following models best describes Jack?   a. ​Atavistic model   b. ​Vulnerability model   c. ​Biochemical model   d. ​Differential susceptibility model   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

38. A youth has difficulties with forming emotional bonds, trusting others, and demonstrating respectful behavior. Which theory applies here?   a. ​Attachment theory   b. ​Learning theory   c. ​Mood disorder theory   d. ​Psychodynamic theory   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

39. Jill runs a group session for youth who demonstrate chronic behavioral problems, antisocial behaviors, impulsivity, and substance abuse.  For whom does Jill run a group?   a. ​Youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder   b. ​Youth with attention deficit disorder   c. ​Youth with conduct disorder   d. ​Youth with a learning disability   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

40. What research is representative of the view that certain characteristics of delinquent youths increase the probability that they will be aggressive and antisocial and that their actions will involve them with agents of social control?   a. ​Personality research   b. ​Cognitive research   c. ​Nature and nurture research   d. ​Social learning research   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

41. Drew was certified LD in reading; she is often frustrated with her studies and will often engage in inappropriate behaviors in school. What rationale assumes that Drew’s frustration leads to a negative self-image and acting out problems?   a. ​Susceptibility rationale   b. ​Environmental rationale   c. ​School failure rationale   d. ​Cognitive learning rationale   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

42. Leo and Lila, high school students, were bored and wanted some excitement; they abducted an 8-year-old child from the playground, later killing the child.  When Leo and Lila were arrested a few days later, they testified that killing the child was an “awesome thrill.”  What theory best describes their actions?   a. ​Biosocial theory   b. ​Arousal theory   c. ​Environmental theory   d. ​Learning theory   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

43. A youth who often feels threatened, overreacts to perceived slights, blames others for fights he initiates, and is overly defensive demonstrates which of the following?   a. ​Neurological trauma   b. ​Reactive aggression   c. ​Bad behavior   d. ​Hormonal imbalance   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

44. Which of the following completes this sentence?  According to Hirschi and Hindelang, there is a clear link between criminality and   a. low intelligence.   b. ​school attendance.   c. ​high intelligence.   d. ​number of suspensions.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

45. Jack and Joe are significantly similar in their personal characteristics such as intelligence, levels of aggression, and verbal skills.  Which of the following best describes Jack and Joe?   a. ​Monozygotic twins   b. ​Dizygotic twins   c. ​Polyzygotic multiples   d. ​Brothers close in age   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

46. According to marketing research, youths in one particular age group watch violent horror movies at a higher rate than any other age group.  What is the age demographic to whom the marketing research is referring?   a. ​9–11   b. ​11–14   c. ​14–16   d. ​15–17   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

47. What theory holds that the more severely youthful offenders are punished the less likely they are to repeat their illegal acts?   a. ​Specific deterrence theory   b. ​Classical theory   c. ​General deterrence theory   d. ​Rational choice theory   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.05 – 03.05 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

48. What theory explains the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in humans?   a. ​Neurological theory   b. ​Biochemical theory   c. ​Genetic theory   d. ​Evolutionary theory   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

49. What, according to Freud, develops through the reality of living in the world and helps manage and restrain the individual’s need for immediate gratification?   a. ​Superego   b. ​Ego   c. ​Id   d. ​Personality   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

50. Itsey, a kindergarten student, watches her father tower over her mother, glaring at her; she then hears her father yelling at her mother.  At school, the teacher tells the students to sit on the carpet for story time.  Itsey does not want to sit down just yet; she is busy at one of the centers in the classroom. Her teacher again asks everyone to sit down and  everyone does, except for Itsey.  The teacher then directly asks Itsey to sit down.  Itsey looks at her teacher and says she doesn’t want to sit down and she better stop asking her to sit down; the next time she does, Itsey will bring a knife to school and cut her.  What theory aligns to the exchange between Itsey and her teacher?   a. ​Psychodynamic theory   b. ​Cognitive learning theory   c. ​Personality theory   d. ​Social learning theory   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Apply

 

Completion

 

51. What view holds that youths are in charge of their own destinies and are able to make personal behavior choices unencumbered by environmental factors? ANSWER:   Free will REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02 – 03.02 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

52. What theory links delinquency to biological and psychological characteristics that control human development? ANSWER:   Trait theory REFERENCES:   Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychological Views LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

53. What is the name of the condition in which the prevailing emotional disposition is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances? ANSWER:   Mood disorder REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

54. Violence can be used to achieve a number of specific goals; what type of goal would align with youths who take the law into their own hands if they do not trust the law? ANSWER:   Retribution REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02 – 03.02 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

55. The first attempts to discover why criminal tendencies developed focused upon what characteristic(s)? ANSWER:   Physical make-up REFERENCES:   Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychological Views LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

56. What crime prevention method relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by making them more difficult to perform, reducing their reward, and increasing their risks? ANSWER:   Situational crime prevention REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06 – 03.06 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

57. What crime prevention practice makes it more difficult for a would-be delinquent to carry out the illegal act; for example, installing a security device in a home? ANSWER:   Target hardening REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06 – 03.06 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

58. Today, theorists focus attention on what two conditions that promote antisocial behavior? ANSWER:   Biological Psychological REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

59. Prevention efforts should be directed at strengthening what two areas according to individual perspectives on delinquency? ANSWER:   Youths’ home life Personal relationships REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.10 – 03.10 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

60. What three individual-level factors have been linked to antisocial behavior? ANSWER:   Biochemical factors Neurological dysfunction Genetic influences REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

61. On what type of crimes does the threat of informal sanctions have the greatest influence? ANSWER:   Instrumental REFERENCES:   Controlling Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04 – 03.04 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

62. Representing the conscience and moral rules shared by most adults, what develops through interactions with parents and other significant people in a youth’s life? ANSWER:   Superego REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

63. Violence-prone youth tend to see the world around them as filled with what type of people? ANSWER:   Aggressive REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

64. Youths whose troubled family life leads them to seek immediate gratification without consideration of right and wrong or the feelings of others are referred to as what type of delinquents? ANSWER:   Latent delinquents REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

65. This is said to be at play when delinquency spreads as youth copy the behavior of peers and siblings. ANSWER:   The contagion effect REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

66. Experts argue that the key linkage between IQ and delinquency is the ability to manipulate what type of concepts? ANSWER:   Abstract REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

67. What syndrome has been suggested as resulting in chronic delinquency? ANSWER:   Antisocial personality REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

68. Some children acquire an association between their use of aggression against others and the physical punishment they receive at home by what life stage? ANSWER:   Mid-childhood REFERENCES:   Psychological Theories of Delinquency LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

69. According to direct association, social forces play a secondary role in the production of deviant behaviors; what then produces delinquency according to this concept? ANSWER:   Heredity REFERENCES:   Contemporary Biosocial Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Remember

 

Essay

 

70. Discuss trait theory: When did this school of thought originate, when and why was the theory abandoned, and what is the status of trait theory today?   Include in your discussion criminal atavism and its meaning.  What are your views on trait theory?  Include a rationale for your view. ANSWER:   The origin of this school of thought is generally credited to Lombroso. Lombroso found that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors—criminal atavism. Criminal atavism refers to the idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors, throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution. Contemporaries of Lombroso refined the notion of a physical basis of crime. o   Garofalo shared Lombroso’s belief that certain physical characteristics indicate a criminal or delinquent nature and Ferri, a student of Lombroso’s, believed that a number of biological, social, and organic factors caused delinquency and crime. These early views portrayed delinquent behavior as a function of a single factor or trait, such as body build or defective intelligence. They had a significant impact on early American criminology, which relied heavily on developing a science of “criminal anthropology.” Eventually, these views evoked criticism for their unsound methodology and lack of proper scientific controls. o   Methodological flaws made it impossible to determine whether biological traits produce delinquency. By the mid-twentieth century, biological theories had fallen out of favor as an explanation of delinquency. o   During this period, the majority of delinquency research focused on social factors, such as poverty and family life. Today trait theory is now an accepted element of the study of delinquency as the reality that humans are biological creatures who vary in biological traits is becoming too obvious to ignore. o   Trait theorists now focus attention on the biological and psychological conditions that promote antisocial behavior, arguing that no two people (with rare exceptions, such as identical twins) are alike, and therefore each will react to environmental stimuli in a distinct way. REFERENCES:   Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychological Views LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

71. It is thought that some youths choose crime as a means of retaliation or to seek revenge for a real or perceived wrong.  Richard Felson states that violence can be used to achieve a number of specific goals. List and describe the four goals presented by Felson.  Critique Felson’s goals.  Do you believe the goals may be limited or all encompassing?  Would you include additional goals?  If so, what would they be?  Provide a rationale for your views. ANSWER:   Control The violent person may want to control his victim’s behavior and life. Retribution o   Violence may be used to punish someone without calling the police or using the justice system to address grievances. Youths will take the law into their own hands if they do not trust the law. Deterrence o   The attacker may want to stop or deter someone from repeating acts that he or she considers hostile or provocative. Reputation o   An attack may be motivated by the need to enhance reputation and create self-importance in the eyes of others. Teens with a tough rep shield themselves from revenge and retribution if they choose to victimize other adolescents. Student responses will vary REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02 – 03.02 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

72. Cohen and Felson posit that the interaction of three variables reflective of routine American lifestyles affects the volume and distribution of predatory crime. Cohen and Felson refer to this as routine activities theory.  Define this theory and list the three variables, providing at least three examples for each variable.  Would you agree or disagree with the premise of this theory?  Provide a rationale for your view. ANSWER:   Routine activities theory is the view that crime is a “normal” function of the routine activities of modern living; offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target that is not protected by capable guardians. The three variables are capable guardian(s), suitable target(s), and motivated offender(s). Capable Guardian(s) Homeowners Security systems Parents Neighbors Police officers Suitable Target(s) §  Unlocked homes §  Expensive cars §  Easily transportable goods—cell phone, iPad, laptop computer o   Motivated Offender(s) §  Unemployed teenagers §  Drug addicts §  Gang members Student responses will vary. REFERENCES:   Rational Choice Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.03 – 03.03 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand

 

73. Identify and define the two branches of individual-level theories of delinquency.  It is said these two theories, while independent of each other, do share some common ground. What are these commonalities?  It is reported that people must change as opposed to society changing.  Do you agree with this pronouncement?  Provide a rationale for your answer. ANSWER:   Choice theory suggests that young offenders choose to engage in antisocial activity because they believe their actions will be beneficial and profitable. Whether they join a gang, steal cars, or sell drugs, their delinquent acts are motivated by the reasoned belief that illegal acts can be profitable and relatively risk free. They have little fear of getting caught and, if they are apprehended, discount the legal consequences. Some are motivated by fantasies of riches, whereas others may simply enjoy the excitement and short-term gratification produced by delinquent acts such as beating up an opponent or stealing a car. Trait theory links delinquency to biological and psychological traits that control human development. o   While it may be true that some youths choose to get involved in delinquent behaviors, others may be driven by biological or psychological abnormalities, such as hyperactivity, low intelligence, biochemical imbalance, or genetic defects. Choice and trait theories, though independent, are linked because they share some common ground: o   Both focus on mental and behavioral processes at the individual level. o   Delinquency is an individual-level problem, not a social problem. o   Both recognize that because all people are different, each person reacts to the same set of environmental and social conditions in a unique way. o   Not all people living under the same socioeconomic conditions behave in the same manner or react in the same manner. o   Because the root cause of delinquency is located at the individual level, delinquency prevention and control efforts must be directed at the individual offender—people rather than society must change. Student responses will vary. REFERENCES:   Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychological Views LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07 KEYWORDS:   Bloom’s: Understand