Introduction to Learning And Behavior 4th Edition By Russell A. Powell – Test Bank
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Sample Questions
CHAPTER
4: Classical Conditioning:
Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities
Chapter
Outline
Some Basic Conditioning Phenomena
Acquisition
Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, and Disinhibition
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
Discrimination Training and Experimental Neurosis
Two Extensions to Classical Conditioning
Higher-Order Conditioning
Sensory Preconditioning
Three Examples of Specificity in Classical Conditioning
Overshadowing
Blocking
Latent Inhibition
Additional Phenomena
Temporal Conditioning
Occasion Setting
External Inhibition
US Revaluation
Pseudoconditioning
Explanation of Opening Scenario
The point here is that too much unpredictability can be
stressful, even when the unpredictable event is something that is usually
pleasant. This is congruent with Pavlov’s experimental neurosis paradigm
(p143).
Dr. Dee Assignment (See Chapter 1 in this
manual for a sample set of instructions.)
1. Dear
Dr. Dee,
My old boyfriend is still in love with me. I keep introducing
him to other women, but he’s never interested in them. What am I doing wrong?
Marla Matchmaker
1. Dear
Dr. Dee,
I read somewhere that children who grow up together in a commune
rarely get romantically involved with each other when they become teenagers. If
true, why would this be this case?
Quizzical
Relevant concepts:
1. If he
is still in love with her, her presence when she introduces him to other women
would likely block (155-157) the formation of positive associations to the
other women.
1. In
keeping with the phenomenon of latent inhibition (157), a person whom one has
grown up with would be an extremely familiar stimulus, and it would therefore
be difficult for them to become associated with emerging feelings of sexual
attraction in adolescence. (In fact, it is probably for this reason that
brother-sister incest is relatively rare, and that stepfathers and fathers who
have been estranged from their families for considerable periods of time are
more likely to commit incest than fathers who have actively raised their
children.)
Internet
Resources
“Conditioned
Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex”
by Ivan P. Pavlov (1927): http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov
A series of lectures by Pavlov describing his research findings
in classical conditioning. (From York University Classics in the History of
Psychology.)
Suggested
Readings
Domjan, M. (2003). The
principles of learning and behavior (5th ed.). Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth.
Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The
biological basis of personality. Springfield, IL: Charles C.
Thomas.
Lieberman, D. A. (2000). Learning:
Behavior and cognition (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Lubow, R. E., & Gewirtz, J. C. (1995). Latent inhibition in
humans: Data, theory, and implications for schizophrenia. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 87–103.
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned
reflexes (G. V. Anrep, Trans.). London: Oxford University
Press.
Answers
to Quick Quiz Items
Quick Quiz A
1. acquisition;
rapidly
2. asymptote
3. more
4. more
Quick Quiz B
1. the
CS is presented without the US
2. presenting
the CS without the US
3. more
4. spontaneous
recovery
5. weaker;
quickly
6. inhibition
7. disinhibition
Quick Quiz C
1. CR;
CS; similar
2. semantic
3. discrimination;
see glossary
4. generalization;
discrimination
5. generalization
Quick Quiz D
1. more
2. experimental
neurosis; unpredictable; neurotic
3. anxious;
catatonic; not all
4. inherited;
temperament
5. more;
cannot
6. more
7. anxiety;
physical
8. extraverts;
very poorly; anxiety
Quick Quiz E
1. higher-order
2. weaker
3. first;
second
4. CS1; CS2
Quick Quiz F
1. sensory
preconditioning
2. weaker
3. relatively
few
4. simultaneously
Quick Quiz G
1. simultaneous
2. overshadowing
3. blocking
4. latent
inhibition
5. blocking;
overshadowing
6. prevents
7. blocking
Quick Quiz H
1. US;
CS; CR
2. occasion
setting; US; occasion setter; facilitate; CR
3. temporal
4. occasion
setter
Quick Quiz I
1. external
inhibition; novel; decrease
2. US
revaluation; post; US
3. external
inhibition
4. CS;
US; CR; US revaluation (or US deflation)
Quick Quiz J
1. pseudoconditioning
2. emotional
3. quite
separate; sensitization
Answers
to Study Question Items: See short-answer test items in the test bank.
Test Bank for Chapter 4
Basic Conditioning Phenomena
Acquisition
1. The
strengthening of a CR through repeated pairings of a CS and US is known as
a.
b.
c.
d.
§ C 135
2. The
development of a conditioned fear response through pairing a flash of light
with a shock is known as
a.
b.
c.
d. acquisition
§ D 135
3. The
maximum amount of conditioning that can take place in a given setting is known
as the ____ of conditioning.
a. asymmetry
b. asymptote
c. assignment
d. maximal
assignment
§ B 135
4. When
we have reached the maximum amount of conditioning that can be obtained, we say
we have reached the ________ of conditioning.
a. threshold
b. trace
level
c. critical
level
d. asymptote
§ D
135 QZ
5. The
strength of conditioning increases more rapidly during the
a. middle
conditioning trials.
b. later
conditioning trials.
c. earlier
conditioning trials.
d. both
a and b
§ C 135
6. The
strength of conditioning varies directly with the strength of the
a.
b.
c. both
a and b
d. neither
a nor b
§ C
135-136
7. In
pairing a light with a shock, a brighter light will result in
a. weaker
conditioning.
b. stronger
conditioning.
c. less
predictable conditioning.
d. both
a and c
§ B 136
8. In
pairing a light with a shock, a stronger shock will result in
a. stronger
conditioning.
b. weaker
conditioning.
c. less
predictable conditioning.
d. both
b and c
§ A 135-136
9. In
pairing a bee with a sting, a bigger bee should result in
a. stronger
conditioning.
b. weaker
conditioning.
c. less
predictable conditioning.
d. both
a and c
§ A
135-136
10. A
bright light paired with food will produce ______ conditioning compared to a faint
light paired with food.
a. weaker
b. the
same amount of conditioning
c. stronger
d. less
predictable
§ C
135-136 WWW
11. In
pairing a bee with a sting, a more painful sting should result in
a. weaker
conditioning.
b. stronger
conditioning.
c. less
predictable conditioning.
d. both
b and c
§ B
135-136
Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, and Disinhibition
12. Gain
is to ____ as loss is to ____.
a. spontaneous
recovery; acquisition
b. disinhibition;
spontaneous recovery
c. acquisition;
extinction
d. extinction;
acquisition
§ C 136
13. The
repeated presentation of a CS without the US is the procedure of
a.
b.
c.
d.
§ B 136
14. You
repeatedly pair a tone with food until the dog salivates to the sound of the
tone. You then present the tone several times without the food until the dog no
longer salivates when he hears it. Presenting the tone several times without
food is an example of
a. the
procedure of extinction.
b. the
process of extinction.
c. the
procedure of habituation.
d. the
process of habituation.
§ A 136
15. The
weakening of a CS that has been repeatedly presented in the absence of the US
is known as the process of
a.
b.
c.
d.
§ D 136
16. A
response that has been extinguished
a. often
becomes transformed into a fixed action pattern.
b. can
be slowly reacquired.
c. can
be rapidly reacquired.
d. cannot
be reacquired.
§ C 137
17. Once
a phobia has been extinguished,
a. it is
relatively easy to reacquire.
b. it is
relatively difficult to reacquire.
c. other
phobias will easily extinguish.
d. both
b and c
§ A
137 QZ
18. When
one attempts to conduct further conditioning trials after a CR has been
extinguished,
a. the
CR is difficult to reacquire.
b. the
CR is impossible to reacquire.
c. the
CR can be reacquired only if the intensity of the US is increased.
d. the
CR is easily reacquired.
§ D 137
19. Toward
the end of a day in which she wrote several exams in a row, Susan felt none of
the test anxiety that she typically feels. According to the process of _______,
she might still feel some degree of anxiety at the start of another test the
following week.
a. external
inhibition
b. dishabituation
c. spontaneous
recovery
d. disinhibition
§ C
137 MD
20. The
term ____ refers to the reappearance of a CR following a rest period after
extinction.
a. spontaneous
reacquisition
b. reacquisition
c. spontaneous
recovery
d. disinhibition
§ C 137
FN
21. Spontaneous
recovery is the reappearance of a ____ following a rest period after ____.
a. CS;
extinction
b. CR;
extinction
c. CS;
disinhibition
d. CR;
disinhibition
§ B 137
22. Spontaneous
recovery tends to ____ across repeated sessions of extinction.
a. decrease
b. increase
c. remain
constant
d. fluctuate
unpredictably
§ A 137
23. Which
of the following processes is equivalent to a roller-coaster ride that
gradually flattens out?
a. dishabituation
b. blocking
c. spontaneous
recovery
d. occasion
setting.
§ C 137-138
24. To
Pavlov, the existence of spontaneous recovery indicated that extinction is NOT
simply a process of
a.
b.
c.
d. both
a and b
§ C
138 QZ
25. Pavlov
regarded ____ as evidence that extinction involves the ____ of a response.
a. dishabituation;
unlearning
b. spontaneous
recovery; unlearning
c. dishabituation;
inhibition
d. spontaneous
recovery; inhibition
§ D
138 MD
26. Pavlov
regarded ____ as evidence that extinction involves the ____ of a response.
a. dishabituation;
unlearning
b. disinhibition;
inhibition
c. dishabituation;
inhibition
d. disinhibition;
unlearning
§ B 138
27. The
term ____ refers to the sudden recovery of a response during an extinction
procedure when a ____ stimulus is introduced.
a. dishabituation;
familiar
b. disinhibition;
novel
c. dishabituation;
novel
d. disinhibition;
familiar
§ B 138
28. Toward
the end of a day in which she experienced several interviews, Susan began to
feel quite relaxed. Unfortunately, during the last interview, a phone rang
which disrupted the proceedings. Interestingly, it also brought back some of
her nervousness. This is best described as an example of
a.
b. spontaneous
recovery.
c.
d.
§ C 138
29. Jollena
decided to confront her fear of dogs by volunteering to look after Arnold, the
neighbor’s Golden Retriever. By the end of the first day, she was becoming
quite comfortable around Arnold. However, when the smoke detector accidentally
went off, she found that some of her nervousness toward Arnold had returned.
This is best described as an example of
a.
b. spontaneous
recovery.
c.
d.
§ D 138
30. Disinhibition
is to dishabituation as
a. inhibition
is to extinction.
b. extinction
is to habituation.
c. extinction
is to sensitization.
d. latent
inhibition is to latent habituation.
§ B 138
31. Disinhibition
is similar to dishabituation in that both involve
a. classical
conditioning.
b.
c. spontaneous
recovery.
d. novel
stimuli.
§ D 138
32. Spontaneous
recovery differs from disinhibition in that the latter requires the presence of
a. the
CS.
b. the
US.
c. the
CS and the US.
d. a
novel stimulus.
§ D
138 WWW
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
33. Stimulus
generalization in classical conditioning is the tendency of the ____ to occur
in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the ____.
a. CS;
US
b. CR;
US
c. CR;
CS
d. UR;
US
§ C 140
34. The
tendency of the CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to
the ____ is called stimulus ____.
a. CS;
generalization
b. US;
generalization
c. CS;
discrimination
d. US;
discrimination
§ A 140
35. If a
pigeon always receives a frightening air blast following the presentation of a
red light, it will show a stronger fear response to the presentation of a(n)
____ light than a(n) ____ light.
a. red;
orange-reddish
b. orange-reddish;
red
c. orange-reddish;
orange
d. both
a and c
§ D 140
36. If a
rat always receives a shock following the presentation of an 800 Hz tone, it
will show a stronger fear response to the presentation of a ____ tone than a
____ tone.
a. 900
Hz; 1000 Hz
b. 1000
Hz; 900 Hz
c. 600
Hz; 700 Hz
d. both
b and c
§ A 140
37. The
generalization of a CR to a word that is similar in meaning to a CS is called
a. verbal
generalization.
b. semantic
generalization.
c. verbal
discrimination.
d. semantic
discrimination.
§ B 140
38. Semantic
generalization is the occurrence of a conditioned response to a(n) ____
stimulus that is ____ the CS.
a. visual;
similar to
b. olfactory;
more intense than
c. verbal
stimulus; similar in meaning to
d. verbal
stimulus; similar in sound to
§ C 140
39. While
sitting in a room that had a very bad smell, Marcie read a story about snakes.
Afterwards, in a different room, Marcie wrinkled her nose when she saw the word
cobra. This is an example of
a. stimulus
discrimination.
b. semantic
generalization.
c. olfactory
discrimination.
d. olfactory
generalization.
§ B
140 FN
40. After
receiving a shock while seeing the word DOG, Muhammad becomes somewhat tense
when he sees the word PUPPY. This is an example of
a. stimulus
discrimination.
b. olfactory
discrimination.
c. semantic
generalization.
d. olfactory
generalization.
§ C
140 QZ
41. After
being frightened by a cockroach, Joe cringes when someone talks about “bugs.”
This is best described as an example of
a. experimental
neurosis.
b. semantic
generalization.
c. the
peak shift effect.
d. adjunctive
conditioning.
§ B 140
42. When
Bobby was little, his mother used to tell him, “Be polite,” and then slap him.
As an adult, Bobby feels anxious whenever he overhears a mother tell her child,
“Say thank you.” This seems to be an example of
a. stimulus
discrimination.
b. spontaneous
recovery.
c. semantic
generalization.
d. semantic
recovery.
§ C
140 WWW
43. CAT-BAT
is to ____ generalization as DOG-CANINE is to ____ generalization.
a. stimulus;
semantic
b. semantic;
stimulus
c. verbal;
stimulus
d. visual;
verbal
§ A 140
44. Stimulus
____ is the tendency for a CR to be elicited by one stimulus and not another.
a. generalization
b. differentiation
c. disparity
d. discrimination
§ D 141
45. Broader
is to narrower as
a. extinction
is to conditioning.
b. discrimination
is to extinction.
c. generalization
is to discrimination.
d. discrimination
is to generalization.
§ C 141
46. Stimulus
discrimination in classical conditioning is the tendency for a CR
a. to
suddenly recover following extinction.
b. to
decrease in strength across repeated presentations of the CS.
c. to
become more differentiated from other responses.
d. to be
elicited by one stimulus and not another.
§ D 141
47. A
multiple choice exam is similar to the phenomenon of
a.
b. stimulus
discrimination.
c. stimulus
generalization.
d. response
generalization.
§ B 141
48. Being
fearful of wasps but not of houseflies is an example of what is known as
stimulus
a.
b.
c.
d.
§ A 141
49. A
useful procedure for testing the sensory capacities of animals is a(n) ____
procedure.
a. extinction
b. discrimination
training
c. spontaneous
recovery
d. dishabituation
§ B 141
50. In
determining whether my goldfish is capable of visually distinguishing blue from
green, it would be best to use a(n) ____ procedure.
a. classical
conditioning
b. extinction
c. disinhibition
d. discrimination
training
§ D
141 WWW
Discrimination Training and Experimental Neurosis
51. Experimental
neurosis is an experimentally produced disorder that results from exposure to
____ events.
a. inhibitory
b. extremely
predictable
c. unpredictable
d. aversive
§ C 142
52. In
the original experimental neurosis experiments, dogs were exposed to a circle
and an ellipse that were
a. gradually
made more and more different.
b. gradually
made more and more similar.
c. suddenly
made very similar.
d. suddenly
made very different.
§ B 142
53. When
exposed to the experimental neurosis procedure, some dogs
a. became
catatonic and almost hypnotized.
b. became
anxious and upset.
c. displayed
few if any symptoms.
d. any
of these depending on the dog
§ D 143
54. Pavlov
reported that dogs with a(n) ____ temperament were ____ to condition.
a. shy;
more difficult
b. outgoing;
easier
c. shy;
easier
d. both
a and b
§ C 143
QZ
55. In
general, according to Eysenck, introverts
a. condition
easily.
b. condition
poorly.
c. react
strongly to external stimulation.
d. both
a and c
§ D 143
56. According
to Eysenck, extroverts typically ____ than introverts.
a. condition
more easily
b. are more
reactive to external stimulation
c. are
less reactive external stimulation
d. both
a and b
§ C
143 MD
57. Allana
isn’t bothered much by loud noises or lots of activity. In fact, she rather
enjoys it. According to Eysenck (1957), she is most likely an ______ who
conditions ______.
a. extrovert;
easily
b. introvert;
poorly
c. extrovert;
poorly
d. both
a and b
§ C 144
58. According
to Eysenck, the behavior of psychopaths tends to be
a. easy
to condition.
b. difficult
to condition.
c. easy
to condition with visual but not auditory stimuli.
d. easy
to condition when the stimuli involved are aversive in nature.
§ B
144 WWW
Two Extensions to Classical Conditioning
Higher-Order Conditioning
59. In
____, a stimulus that is associated with a CS also becomes a CS.
a. higher-order
conditioning
b. sensory
preconditioning
c. occasion
setting
d. overshadowing
§ A
145
60. During
a higher-order conditioning procedure, the presentation of a(n) _____ is
followed by a(n) _____.
a. CS;
NS
b. NS;
CS
c. US;
CS
d. NS;
US.
§ B 145
61. In
____, a CS is used in place of a US to condition another CS.
a. sensory
preconditioning
b. blocking
c. occasion
setting
d. higher-order
conditioning
§ D 145
62. In
higher-order conditioning, a(n) ____ is used in place of a(n) ____ to condition
another stimulus.
a. US;
CS
b. CS;
US
c. NS;
CS
d. US; NS
§ B 145
63. A CS
established through ____ conditioning is likely to produce a stronger response
than a CS established through ____ conditioning.
a. first-order;
second-order
b. second-order;
first-order
c. third-order;
second-order
d. both
b and c
§ A 145
64. In higher-order
conditioning, the response to the CS2 is
usually weaker than the response to the
c. CS3.
d.
e. CS1.
f. both
b and c
§ D 145
65. Sam
refuses to talk to Bobbi ever since he saw her holding hands with the person
who used to harass him in the sixth grade. This situation seems most analogous
to the process of
a. sensory
preconditioning.
b.
c. higher-order
conditioning.
d. temporal
conditioning.
§ C
145 MD
66. Consider
the following sequence of events: (1) A: B —>C; (2) A —> C; (3) D: A
—> C; (4) D —> C. This is most similar to
a. sensory
preconditioning.
b. higher-order
conditioning.
c. occasion
setting.
d. latent
inhibition.
§ B
145 QZ
67. Ben
immediately takes a liking to Jan after learning that she is a friend of the
famous pop artist, Alicia Keys, whom he has always adored. This situation seems
most analogous to the process of
a. US
revaluation.
b. higher-order
conditioning.
c.
d. temporal
conditioning.
§ B
145 FN
68. Large
companies hire famous people for their advertising campaigns so as to make use
of the process of
a. higher-order
conditioning.
b. sensory
preconditioning.
c.
d. US
revaluation.
§ A 147
Sensory Preconditioning
69. In
____, when one stimulus becomes a CS, another stimulus with which it was
previously paired also becomes a CS.
a. higher-order
conditioning
b. overshadowing
c. US
revaluation
d. sensory
preconditioning
§ D 148
70. In
____, the response to the CS2 is
usually ____ than the response to the CS1.
a. occasion
setting; weaker
b. sensory
preconditioning; weaker
c. blocking;
stronger
d. latent
inhibition; stronger
§ B 148
71. When
Juan’s childhood friend became a famous movie star, Juan also became something
of a town celebrity. This is most analogous to the process of
a. sensory
preconditioning.
b. higher-order
conditioning.
c.
d. latent
inhibition.
§ A 148
72. Most
of your fellow workers have coffee breaks in the staff lounge. One day, in the
meeting room, a couple of them verbally attack you, causing you to feel quite
anxious. Later that day, you also feel anxious when you are in the staff
lounge, even though no one else is present. This example best illustrates
a. higher-order
conditioning.
b. latent
inhibition.
c. sensory
preconditioning.
d.
§ C
148 MD
73. A
sensory preconditioning experiment begins with the pairing of
a. two
NSs.
b. two
CSs.
c. an NS
and a CS.
d. an NS
and a US.
§ A 148
74. Consider
the following sequence of events: (1) [A + B]; (2) B: C —> D; (3) B —> D;
(4) A —> D. This is most similar to
a.
b.
c. US
revaluation.
d. sensory
preconditioning.
§ D 148
75. Which
of the following can be considered a demonstration of latent learning?
a. blocking
b. occasion
setting
c. sensory
preconditioning
d. overshadowing
§ C
148 WWW
e. You
are acquainted with Colin and his wife. One day, Colin says something very
insulting to you, which makes you feel quite angry toward him. Then, when you
later meet his wife on the street, you also feel angry toward her. This is best
described as an example of
i.
sensory preconditioning.
ii.
iii.
occasion setting.
iv.
higher-order conditioning.
§ A 148
77. Among
the following, the phenomenon of ____ can most clearly be interpreted as an
example of latent learning.
a. disinhibition
b. sensory
preconditioning
c. sensitization
d. blocking
§ B 148
78. Sensory
preconditioning can be considered as a demonstration of
a. latent
inhibition.
b. latent
learning.
c. S-R
learning.
d. both
b and c
§ B
148 FN
And Furthermore: When Celebrities Misbehave
79. Which
of the following explains why a star involved in a scandal would be at risk of
losing an endorsement contract with a product or company?
a. The
US has been removed.
b. The
CR has been removed.
c. The
UR is now elicited by a different CS.
d. The
CS has become associated with an aversive US.
§ D 149
80. Which
of the following reactions is a company hoping that consumers will experience,
when its product is paired with a ‘scandalous’ celebrity?
a. a UR
of disgust
b. a UR
of loyalty
c. a CR
of interest
d. a CR
of memory loss
§ B 149
Three Examples of Specificity in Classical Conditioning
Overshadowing
81. A
_________________ consists of the simultaneous presentation of two or more
individual stimuli.
a. conjunctive
stimulus
b. combined
stimulus
c. CS+
d. compound
stimulus
> D 153
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