Introduction To Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice 11th Edition by Kären M. Hess – Test Bank
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Sample Test
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Chapter_03_Crime_in_the_United_States_Offenses_Offenders_Victims 1. A frequently used source of information about crime
statistics is
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2. In 1930, Congress assigned the
_____ to serve as a national clearinghouse for crime statistics.
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3. Compared with summary UCR
statistics, the advantage of the National Incident-Based Reporting System
(NIBRS) is that it
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4. The taking of anything of value
from the control, care, or custody of a person by force or threat of force is
known as
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5. Which of the following is often
believed to be the overlooked element of the criminal justice system?
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6. All of the following are
individual risk factors except
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7. Using force to have sexual
intercourse with an unconscious or helpless victim is called _______________ rape.
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8. The “dark figure of crime”
refers to
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9. Organized crime is distinct
from other forms of crime in that it is characterized by
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10. The definition of is
occupational or business-related crime, sometimes called economic crime.
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11. A person not of legal age who
violates a local, state, or federal law is known as a
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12. Which of the following is a
Part II crime in the UCR?
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13. Part I crimes of the UCR
include all except
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14. The
____ relies on interviews with a nationally representative sample
of people 12 years old and older about their personal experiences with
crime.
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15. The
______ captures crimes reported to law enforcement but excludes
simple assaults.
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16. A surge in violent crime began
in that
ended the historic drop in the U.S. crime rate and marked the first
significant increase in violent crime since the early 1990s.
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17. One of the country’s fastest
growing crimes is
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18. Who coined the term
“white-collar crime”?
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19. Status offenses include
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20. All of the following are
status offenses except
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21. Individuals directly affected
by an incident, such as the person who is robbed, burglarized, or raped are
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22. The factor that most
frequently motivates hate crime is
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23. Bias crimes are motivated by
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24. Xenophobia is
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25. Which of the following
characteristics is used to identify people most vulnerable to being
victimized by crime?
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26. White-collar crime is
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27. In 2009 there were
approximately how many hate groups according to the Southern Poverty Law Center?
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28. Almost all computer crimes are
eventually prosecuted.
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29. Spoofing is rising and is
often linked to organized crime groups.
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30. One way that larceny-theft
differs from robbery is that it does not involve force, threat of force, or
violence.
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31. According to the text,
self-report surveys are very reliable and are considered the best form of
crime data collection.
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32. White-collar crime includes
credit card and check fraud as well as identity theft.
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33. All states compensate crime
victims for medical expenses, mental health counseling, and lost wages.
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34. Phishing is a form of Internet
fraud.
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35. NCVS crime rates are
determined on a per household basis.
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36. The NIBRS is a more comprehensive,
detailed reporting system than the UCR.
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37. The NIBRS holds the unique
position of being the “sole national source of official law enforcement
statistics.”
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38. Embezzlement is a type of
theft.
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39. One motive for auto theft is
joyriding.
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40. Identity theft is one of this
country’s fastest growing crimes.
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41. Police officers cannot be
considered victims in court.
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42. Since the fall of communism,
ROC is not as extensively involved in a variety of frauds and scams.
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43. was
designed to replace the UCR.
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44. is
the unlawful attack by one person on another to inflict severe bodily
injury.
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45. In 1965, established
the first crime victim compensation program.
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46. A form of robbery is ,
the taking of a motor vehicle by force or threat of force.
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47. According to the text, the
preferred weapon of most robbers is the .
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48. victims
of crime and criminals are all the other members of the community who may be
threatened or fearful as a result of the commission of crime.
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49. The ______________________________________________________
(NCIC) instituted a program called the (UCR),
and the annual publication of this program is entitled Crime in the United States.
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50. Computer crime is also known
as .
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51. Manslaughter is differentiated
from murder in that the element of is absent.
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52. includes
killing in self-defense or in the defense of another person.
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53. Compare and contrast the
classical and positivist theories of crime causation. Which, if either,
theory do you think receives greater support from the criminal justice profession?
From the community at large? Defend your answer.
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54. Discuss which groups of people
are most likely and which groups are least likely to become victims of crime
and why this is the case.
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55. Outline and discuss the often
problematic relationship between crime victims and the criminal justice
system.
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56. List and discuss the methods
of crime data collection. Decide which is the best form of data collection
and justify your answer.
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57. Identify and discuss what
leads people to commit crime.
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Critical Thinking Question |
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58. What are two of the most
frequently consulted official sources, and what types of data does each
collect? What shortcoming(s) or challenge(s) have been identified with each
source?
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Critical Thinking Question |
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59. When were self-report surveys
introduced into criminology? Why were they introduced? Why do you think self-
report surveys tend to produce a higher incidence of criminal offending than
official records? What are some important self-report surveys conducted with
school-age youths? What are some challenges associated with self- report
surveys?
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Critical Thinking Question |
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60. How does the FBI classify
major crimes? Discuss the following: a. What is murder and what are the generally recognized
levels? b. What is assault? What is the distinction between
assault and battery? c. What is rape? What is statutory rape? d. What are the four major crimes against property?
Provide a brief description of each.
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Critical Thinking Question |
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61. What is identity theft? What
section of the FBI handles identity theft? How is identity theft both a
high-tech and low-tech crime? How can identity theft have a devastating
impact on individuals?
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Critical Thinking Question |
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62. Discuss the following theories
of criminality and causes of crime: a. Classical theory b. Positivist theory c. Rational choice theory (include a brief description
of lifestyle and routine activities theories) d. Biosocial perspective theory (include a brief
description of neuroandrogenic and biological/genetic theories) e. Psychological theory (include a brief description of
personality, cognitive, and general strain theories) f. Social structure theory (include a brief description
of social disorganization and institutional anomie theories)
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Chapter_05_Patrol_The_Backbone_of_Policing 1. Which of the following statements is true?
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2. Most officers in a police
department are assigned to the function.
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3. As law enforcers, a key
duty of patrol officers is to
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4. Results of the Kansas City
Preventive Patrol Experiment showed that decreasing or increasing routine preventive
patrol had no effect on
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5. According to the text,
differential response strategies involve
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6. Studies conducted in Syracuse,
San Diego, and Houston found that officers on random patrol could expect to
intercept of
street crimes.
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7. General patrol is also referred
to as
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8. A specific activity that qualifies
as “aggressive patrol” includes
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9. Crime mapping can identify
which of the following?
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10. Directed patrol uses to
plan shift and beat staffing.
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11. CompStat was developed by the
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12. A method that enhances
the effectiveness of aggressive patrol is
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13. Administrative duties of law
enforcement officers include
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14. The _________ saw a
significant trend back to the use of the foot patrol.
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15. Theoretically, high-visibility
patrol units should
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16. Traditionally, patrol
officers begin their shifts on random patrol in hopes of
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17. Which of the following crime
reduction principles forms the basis of CompStat?
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18. National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration studies show that seat belts are most effective in
preventing
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19. An angry, frequently violent
response to an aggressive-driving incident is
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20. The most commonly used and
most effective patrol is usually
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21. Bike patrols in the United
States have been used
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22. Using foot patrol in
conjunction with automobile patrol is called
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23. Which of the following is not
true about foot patrol?
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24. CompStat is a computer
comparison statistics system that
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25. According to the National
Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center, foot patrol is an exercise in
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26. In 1901, Connecticut
established the world’s first speed statute limiting the speed of
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27. What is the name of the center
that allows law enforcement access to the FBI’s database?
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28. All uniformed officers should
enforce traffic laws because of the potential for
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29. Research on the effectiveness
of preventive patrol indicates that a crime prevented by a passing patrol car
can be, and usually is, committed as soon as the police are gone.
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30. Police who patrol on foot have
greater job satisfaction, less fear, and higher morale than officers who
patrol in automobiles.
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31. ALPR stands for “automated
license plate recognition.”
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32. The Philadelphia Foot Patrol
Experiment has earned attention for its focus on place-based policing.
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33. According to the text, in the
early 1970s, law enforcement gave contacts with drunk drivers a low priority,
preferring to avoid such encounters.
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34. Bicycle patrols have been
extremely successful on college campuses.
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35. Both general and specialized
patrols seek to deter crime and apprehend criminals.
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36. Bicycle patrol units are only limited
to large departments.
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37. Calls for service may be
answered by either sworn or nonsworn officers.
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38. Police officers in the United
States were originally on foot or horseback.
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39. Modern police patrol cars are
greatly enhanced by technology.
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40. Police unions usually support
one-officer patrol cars in an attempt to be fiscally conservative.
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41. Foot patrol programs will be
as varied as the communities in which they occur.
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42. Segways are a traditional form
of patrol that have only recently been brought back into practice.
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43. In a recent study, there was
no difference between citizen–officer contact when using bike patrols
versus automobile patrols.
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44. Combination patrols provide
the most versatile approach to preventing or deterring crime and apprehending
criminals.
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45. The Department of Natural
Resources frequently uses ATVs as a mode of transportation.
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46. TZD is modeled after the
Swedish approach to road safety known as Vision Zero, which is based on this
simple principle: No loss of life is acceptable.
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47. Even though some jurisdictions
are installing cameras at traffic light locations, the violation of running a
red light must still be witnessed by a police officer or other official
designated by the jurisdictional court by viewing the video or photos of the
violation.
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48. Speeding is often the chief
concern of many community groups.
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49. In law enforcement agencies
where the department operates primarily in response to calls for service,
this is known as policing.
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50. patrol
evolved from military antecedents and comprises some of the oldest and most
varied police units in the United States.
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51. is
typically used when a specific type of crime has occurred several times in a
certain area, or if there is a high probability that a crime might occur.
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52. Regarding drinking and
driving, “BAC” stands for
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53. ____________________is
a traffic offense or combination of offenses such as following too closely,
speeding, unsafe lane changes, failure to signal, and other forms of
negligent or inconsiderate driving.
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54. In Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz (1990),
the Supreme Court ruled that are
constitutional because the states have a “substantial interest” in keeping intoxicated drivers off the roads.
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55. Geographic information
systems is a form of _________________________.
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56. New York enacted the
first ______________________law that stated that anyone driving a
motor vehicle is deemed to have consented to a chemical blood test if they
are arrested for intoxicated driving.
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57. _______________, in which two
officers patrol together in a single squad, is a strategy used by many big
metropolitan cities.
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58. When the officer has an
ulterior motive for a stop, this is called a dual motive stop or a
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59. List and describe the primary
responsibilities of patrol. Give priorities, if any.
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60. Discuss the importance of
traffic enforcement and list and discuss current methods used.
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61. Outline and discuss the basic
causes of traffic crashes and the role of the police in detecting impaired
drivers and preventing crashes.
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62. Outline and discuss the
efforts to reduce impaired driving. Which are most effective?
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63. Describe and discuss the
three major spheres of police activity that must be coordinated in the patrol
function and how these have changed over time.
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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION |
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64. What must patrol officers do
to perform effectively in their jobs? What are the basic patrol officer
functions? Describe a situation in which a patrol officer would perform
the function that is different from the situation described in the text.
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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION |
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65. Discuss the Kansas City
Preventive Patrol Experiment of 1972. What was the purpose of the study? What
was the design of the study? Describe the results of the study and how they
shifted the focus and procedures of police agencies in terms of patrol.
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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION |
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66. Describe the following methods
of patrol: a. What are the advantages of foot patrol? Why do many
agencies not have foot patrol? b. What are the advantages of automobile patrol? What
are limitations associated with automobile patrol? How has technology
enhanced automobile patrol? c. Briefly discuss the history of bicycle patrol in the
United States. What are the advantages of bicycle patrol? d. What are the advantages of Segway patrol? Where is
the Segway most commonly used? e. Briefly discuss the history of mounted patrol in the
United States. What are some of the functions of mounted patrol? f. What are the advantages of air patrol? Provide
examples of how various agencies have utilized airpatrol. g. What are various ways in which water patrol can be
utilized? What are some limitations of water patrol?
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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION |
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67. What are the principal
objectives of a traffic division? What are the five major actions that
effective traffic enforcement usually consists of? Describe the multipronged
national traffic safety initiative that seeks to change the American driving
culture and reduce traffic fatalities. Do you feel the American driving
culture needs to change? Why or why not?
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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION |
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68. What is a dual motive (or
pretext) stop? Is it constitutional? Provide support for your answer.
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