Introduction To Criminology Why Do They Do 2nd edition by Pamela J. Schram -Test Bank
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Sample Test
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Chapter 03 Schram, Introduction to Criminology |
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1. All
of the following are considered formal controls or sanctions EXCEPT:
*a. community acceptance
1. courts
2. jail
or prison
3. law
enforcement
General Feedback:
Page 61; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
2. The
book ___________ written by Jack Katz was the first time the benefits of
committing crime were emphasized.
*a. Seductions
of Crime
1. Leviathan
2. The
Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives of Offending
3. The
Origin of Species
General Feedback:
Page
69; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
3. Studies
showing informal sanctions to be the source of most deterrent effects for
individuals led to the creation of which theory?
1. routine
activities theory
2. lifestyle
theory
*c. rational choice theory
1. deterrence
theory
General Feedback:
Page 67; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
4. Robert
Martinson’s review of ________________ concluded that “nothing works” because
offending was not reduced.
1. corrections
2. courts
*c. rehabilitative programs
1. criminal
justice systems
General Feedback:
Page 63; Bloom’s taxonomy: knowledge
5. ____________
are a collection of studies, generally on a particular topic. These types of
studies were popular in the late 1960s to test the deterrence model.
1. longitudinal
studies
*b. aggregate studies
1. cross-sectional
studies
2. scenario
studies
General Feedback:
Page 64; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
6. Studies
show that official deterrence is highly ineffective against criminal acts that
involve all of the following EXCEPT:
1. immediate
payoff
2. low
emotional/moral inhibitions
3. impulsivity
*d. older female offenders
General Feedback:
Page 66; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge, comprehension
7. Identification
of the experiential effect was the primary contribution of __________ studies
of deterrence.
*a. longitudinal studies
1. aggregate
studies
2. cross-sectional
studies
3. scenario
studies
General Feedback:
Page 66; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
8. Deterrence
research has shifted away from aggregate level units of analysis and toward
________ level.
1. family
2. national
3. group
*d. individual
General Feedback:
Page 64; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
9. Which
of the following individuals would not be deterred from committing crime even
with high celerity, certainty, and severity of punishment?
1. married
with children
*b. unemployed
1. strong
family connections
2. middle
class
General Feedback:
Page 66; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
10. When
research is conducted or data collected at one point in time, it is termed
________.
1. longitudinal
studies
2. aggregate
studies
*c. cross-sectional studies
1. scenario
studies
General Feedback:
Page 65; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
11. Cross-sectional
studies usually involve data collection in ________ format.
*a. survey
1. observational
2. secondary
data
3. group
General Feedback:
Page 65; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
12. This
type of research asks individuals to estimate their immediate intent to commit
a criminal act in a given situation and their immediate perceptions of
certainty and severity of punishment.
1. longitudinal
studies
2. aggregate
studies
3. cross-sectional
studies
*d. scenario studies
General Feedback:
Page 66; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
13. The
________ of being caught committing a crime (related to informal sanctions) is
one of the most important emotional responses related to deterrence.
1. anxiety
*b. shame
1. panic
2. entertainment
General Feedback:
Page 69; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
14. One
of the most valuable aspects of scenario research is that answers are
__________, regarding perceptions of risk and severity of possible sanctions.
1. belated
*b. instantaneous
1. delayed
2. postponed
General Feedback:
Page 67; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
15. Cross-sectional
studies have found that the ___________ of punishment was strongly associated
with intentions to commit future crimes.
*a. certainty
1. severity
2. celerity
3. conformity
General Feedback:
Page 65; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
16. Aggregate
studies have shown evidence that an increased certainty of punishment was
associated with ________ crime for most serious offenses.
1. more
2. no
change in
*c. less
General Feedback:
Page 64; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
17. Peers
have a profound impact on individual perceptions of the pros and cons of
offending. When one sees one’s friends getting away with crimes, the risk of
punishment _____________.
1. is
increased
*b. is decreased
1. remains
stagnant
General Feedback:
Page 69; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
18. The
strength of routine activities theory is its elaboration on which two
characteristics of routine activities theory?
1. hot
spots
*b. suitable targets
1. motivated
offender
*d. lack of guardianship
General Feedback:
Page 72; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension, knowledge
19. The
opportunistic type of individual usually commits crime because _________.
1. they
were told to do so by another individual
2. they
were born a criminal
*c. they are tempted by possibilities presented to them
1. they
leave the house knowing they are going to commit crime
General Feedback:
Page 72; Bloom’s Taxonomy: application
20. According
to the Minneapolis, Minnesota, study, of the top 10 locations police were
called, half were _________.
*a. bars or places alcohol was served
1. malls
2. vacant
house
3. bus
depots
General Feedback:
Page 73; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension, application
21. Global
positioning systems (GPS) have been used by authorities to predict all of the
following EXCEPT ____________.
*a. areas with low fear of crime
1. where
chronic offenders will strike next
2. serial
killer locations
3. areas
needing increased police presence
General Feedback:
Page 73/ 75; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
22. Lifestyle
theory claims that individuals increase their probability of becoming ______
according to the type of lifestyle they choose. Select all that apply.
1. injured
2. witnesses
*c. victims
*d. offenders
General Feedback:
Page 75; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
23. Lifestyle
theory is merely an extension of ________, offering no new revelations for why
some individuals are victimized more than others.
*a. routine activities theory
1. rational
choice theory
2. deterrence
theory
3. lifestyle
theory
General Feedback:
Page 76; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge, comprehension
24. The
__________ assumes that offenders will make a rational choice not to commit
future offenses if they could go to prison for the rest of their life after
committing three offenses.
1. broken
windows perspective
*b. three strikes you’re out policy
1. shaming
penalties
2. individual
sanctions
General Feedback:
Page 76; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
25. Are
three strikes laws considered a general or specific deterrent?
1. general
2. specific
*c. no consensus
General Feedback:
Page 77; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
26. Most
offenders who are arrested are arrested again throughout their lifetime.
1. True
*b. False
General Feedback:
Page 64; they are not arrested again; Bloom’s Taxonomy:
comprehension
27. Informal
sanctions and controls matter the most to the majority of society, as compared
with other sanctions.
*a. True
1. False
General Feedback:
Page 62; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
28. There
was a delay in criminological studies of rational choice theory after Cornish
and Clark’s and Katz’s books were published.
Page 69; there was an influx; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
1. True
*b. False
29. Virtually
all Western criminal systems (including the United States) are based on the
Classical and Neoclassical framework.
*a. True
1. False
General Feedback:
Page 63; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
30. People
that fear punishment cannot be effectively deterred.
1. True
*b. False
General Feedback:
Page 66; people that don’t fear punishment; Bloom’s Taxonomy:
comprehension, application
31. Findings
show that states with death penalty statutes have lower murder rates as compared
with states that do not have death penalty statutes.
1. True
*b. False
General Feedback:
Page 64; higher murder rates; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
32. According
to studies, most people that have never driven drunk have an unrealistically
high likelihood of arrest.
*a. True
1. False
General Feedback:
Page 65; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
33. The
physiological pleasures of committing crime were emphasized for the first time
by Jack Katz.
*a. True
1. False
General Feedback:
Page
69; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
34. Individuals
with nothing to lose are generally the individuals that will be deterred by
increased sanctions and certainty of punishment.
1. True
*b. False
General Feedback:
Page 65-66; individuals with a lot to lose are more likely to be
dissuaded; Bloom’s Taxonomy: application, comprehension
35. Males
are more influenced by shame and moral beliefs when deciding to commit offenses
as compared with females.
1. True
*b. False
General Feedback:
Page 69; females are more influenced than males; Bloom’s
Taxonomy: comprehension
36. Routine
activities theory assumes that most crime occurs because most offenders leave
their homes knowing they are going to commit a crime.
1. True
*b. False
General Feedback:
Page 72; it assumes most crime occurs in the daily routine of
people that are tempted; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
37. Violent
crime typically increases as temperatures increase.
*a. True
1. False
General Feedback:
Page 73; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
38. Global
positioning systems (GPS) used by police departments have been used to catch
serial killers in the past.
*a. True
1. False
General Feedback:
Page 73; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
39. Among
the individuals that are the most likely to be victimized due to their
lifestyle of staying out late and socializing are young adults (teenage years
to early 20’s).
*a. True
1. False
General Feedback:
Page 75; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension, application
40. One
study from California suggests that three strikes laws reduced crime. The
remaining studies on the three strikes laws across the United States have found
the same results.
1. True
*b. False
General Feedback:
Page 78; studies have found this law to have no effect or increase
crime; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
41. According
to the text, what is the most important distinction of Classical School
theories as compared with other theories?
Correct Answer:
emphasizes individual decision making regardless of any
extraneous influences on a person’s free will
Page 63; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge, comprehension
42. Aggregate
studies revealed a new interest in deterrence and supported the importance of
what two Beccarian ideas?
Correct Answer:
certainty and severity
Page 63-64; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
43. Why
do individuals who have been arrested for driving drunk predict the chances of
being caught as low?
Correct Answer:
chronic drunk drivers have typically been driving under the
influence for many years, most of the time without being caught
Page 65; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension, application
44. What
are the pros and cons of scenario research?
Correct Answer:
pro- provides specific and realistic situation in which a person
engages in criminal acts and get their opinion on certainty and severity of
punishment; con- hypothetical situations, cannot be sure that is how they would
really react/act in a real situation
Page 66; Bloom’s Taxonomy: evaluation, analysis
45. What
was the issue discussed in the text concerning longitudinal studies of
deterrence?
Correct Answer:
the measure of perceptions of certainty and severity of
punishment were collected up to a year apart, meaning between the time of the
offense and measure of perceptions was a year and perceptions vary day to day,
let alone over a year
Page 66; Bloom’s Taxonomy: analysis, evaluation
46. What
is a vignette and what type of research are they used in?
Correct Answer:
a short descriptive sketch and is used in scenario research
Page 66; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge, application
47. Why
are individuals not dissuaded from crime when severity rises but certainty is
still low?
Correct Answer:
even when the punishment for the crime is high, if the
individual believes they are not going to get caught, they will believe the
benefits outweigh the possible punishment as they perceive they will not get
caught
Page 65; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension, application
48. What
is one of the major issues concerning deterrence theory?
Correct Answer:
some populations cannot be deterred because of their social or
economic standings; the individuals we most want to deter are the least likely
to be deterred
Page 66; Bloom’s Taxonomy: evaluation
49. How
is certainty of punishment typically measured in studies (name one (1) of the
two (2))?
Correct Answer:
ratio of crimes reported to police compared with the number of
arrests in a given jurisdiction OR percentage of arrests that results in
convictions
Page 64; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
50. Give
two (2) examples of a hot spot.
Correct Answer:
bars, malls, bus depots
Page 70; Bloom’s Taxonomy: application, knowledge
51. How
can increased lighting be considered a form of guardianship?
Correct Answer:
having increased lighting protects a place from being victimized
because it deters offenders by not providing them a place to hide from the view
of others
Page 73; Bloom’s Taxonomy: synthesis, application
52. Why
are establishments that serve alcohol, such as a bar, a typical target for
motivated offenders?
Correct Answer:
they are full of suitable targets (intoxicated individuals are
easier to steal from as compared to those that are not) and typically have a
lower level of guardianship
Page 73; Bloom’s Taxonomy: evaluation, analysis
53. What
does the broken windows perspective emphasize in relation to policing?
Correct Answer:
police need to crack down on minor offenses to reduce major
crimes
Page 76; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
54. Give
an example of how someone’s lifestyle can increase their probability of
becoming victims or offenders.
Correct Answer:
Student should come up with original answer. One example:
elderly individuals stay inside and do not tend to go out at night; therefore
they are less likely to be victimized
Page 75; Bloom’s Taxonomy: application, synthesis
55. The
term “hydraulic” refers to individuals that do what?
Correct Answer:
tend to leave their homes knowing they are going to commit a
crime
Page 72; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
56. Explain
what certainty and severity are and how are they measured? What are the general
findings of studies concerning their affects on crimes rates? Do you believe
these findings to be accurate? Why or why not?
Correct Answer:
Certainty is the idea that an individual will be caught and punished
when committing a crime. Severity is that the punishment is severe enough to
deter but must match the level of criminality. Certainty is measured by
creating a ratio of the crimes reported to the police compared with the number
of arrests in a given jurisdiction OR percentage of arrests that resulted in
convictions. Studies show that the higher the likelihood of arrest, the lower
the crime rate in that jurisdiction. Severity is measured by length of sentence
for comparable crimes and was found to have not much impact. Student should
give original answer as to why they believe the findings to be accurate or not.
Page 64; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge, synthesis, evaluation
57. What
is the experiential effect? Give an example. Can this effect be combated or
changed and, if so, how?
Correct Answer:
extent to which previous experience affects individuals’
perceptions of how severe criminal punishment will be when deciding whether or
not to offend again; an example given in the text is drunk driving; student
must give an original answer as to how this may be combated or changed.
Page 65; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge, comprehension, synthesis
58. Develop
a vignette for use in a scenario research project. How would this vignette help
determine individual perceptions of certainty and severity of punishment?
Correct Answer:
student must develop own original answer for a vignette
Page 66; Bloom’s Taxonomy: synthesis, application
59. According
to routine activities theory, crime and victimization are highest in places
where what three (3) factors come together? Explain each factor and give an
example of a crime where all three (3) factors are present.
Correct Answer:
motivated offender- certain individuals tend to be motivated to
commit crime or be delinquent, example: drunk male; suitable or attractive
targets- places that have higher rates of victimization because they are easier
to target, example: unlocked car; absence of a guardian- no police or security
are present, this can even mean a house alarm, dog, home owner, or even
increased lighting, example: no police or security
Page 70-73; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension, application
60. What
is a hot spot? How do police departments use GPS (global positioning systems)
software in relation to hot spots and what can it help to predict? How can
police departments use this information to serve the public better?
Correct Answer:
A hot spot is where all three factors from routine activities
theory converge. Areas that have high crime rates or specific types of crime in
the area. Police departments use GPS to identify and plot exact locations of
every crime to solve and/or predict various crimes. It is also used to predict
where certain chronic offenders will strike next. GPS helps authorities determine
where they should concentrate their efforts
Page 73-75; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge, application
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Chapter 4 Schram, Introduction to Criminology |
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1. The
emphasis on science in criminology started in the _________ and provided a
basis for what continues today.
1. mid
1700’s
*b. mid 1800’s
1. mid
1900’s
2. beginning
of the 21stcentury
General Feedback:
Page 83; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
2. Scientists
and academics became aware that the Classical School and deterrence framework
was not explaining what?
1. what
could stop individuals from committing crime
2. what
individuals or groups tended to offend more than others
3. why
individuals committed crime
*d. the distribution of crime
General Feedback:
Page 83; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
3. ____________
is the perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control their
behavior.
1. Classical
School
*b. Positive School
1. Evolutionary
theory
2. Neoclassical
School
General Feedback:
Page 85; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
4. Several
perspectives were created in the mid 1800s that were focused on determining
which individuals or groups are most likely to commit crime. These perspectives
were likely developed in relation to __________.
1. women’s
rights
2. class
relationships
*c. slavery
1. prisoner
rights
General Feedback:
Page 85; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
5. Later
studies of craniometry revealed _________ between size of the skull/brain and
certain behaviors or personality traits.
*a. a small correlation
1. a
large correlation
2. no correlation
3. an
unknown correlation
General Feedback:
Page 85; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
6. The
science of determining human disposition based on distinctions (bumps) in the
skull.
1. craniometry
*b. phrenology
1. atavism
2. physiognomy
General Feedback:
Page 86; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
7. Darwin’s
theory laid the groundwork for what major scientific theory of crime?
1. rational
choice
2. craniometry
3. routine
activities
*d. born criminals
General Feedback:
Page 87; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
8. Modern
scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms
of criminality regarding trauma is the ____________.
1. occipital
lobe
2. right
temporal lobe
*c. left temporal lobe
1. frontal
lobe
General Feedback:
Page 86; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
9. ____________’s
work was regarded as the first attempt toward a scientific theory in
criminological thought.
1. Binet
2. Goddard
*c. Lombroso
1. Sheldon
General Feedback:
Page 87; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
10. The manifestation
of more than ____ stigmata indicated that an individual is atavistic and thus a
born criminal.
1. 3
*b. 5
1. 7
2. 10
General Feedback:
Page 88; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
11. Stigmata
not only consisted of facial and bodily features, but also some extra
physiological features, including what?
*a. tattoos
1. simian
crease
2. malformed
ears
3. head
circumference
General Feedback:
Page 89; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
12. Lombroso
is considered the Father of _________. Choose all that apply.
1. Criminal
Justice
*b. Criminology
*c. the Positive School
1. the
IQ test
General Feedback:
Page 91; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
13. What
individual is known for labeling low IQ as feeble-mindedness?
*a. Goddard
1. Binet
2. Sheldon
3. Lombroso
General Feedback:
Page 95; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
14. The
lowest group on the ranked order of low IQ individuals according to Goddard was
the _________.
1. morons
*b. idiots
1. imbeciles
2. fool
General Feedback:
Page 95; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
15. According
to Herrnstein and Murray, which ethnic group(s) scores the highest on IQ or
intelligence testing? Choose all that apply.
1. African
Americans
2. Hispanics
*c. Asians
*d. Jewish
General Feedback:
Page 97; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
16. William
Sheldon’s new theoretical perspective merged what two (2) concepts? Choose all
that apply.
*a. biology
1. sociology
*c. psychology
1. chemistry
General Feedback:
Page 101; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
17. All
of the following are policy implications derived from the theories and findings
discussed in Chapter 4 EXCEPT:
*a. medical screening at puberty for MPA’s
1. same-sex
classes
2. mandatory
health insurance for pregnant mothers and children
3. youth
screening for abnormal levels of hormones, neurotransmitters, and toxins
General Feedback:
Page 105; Bloom’s Taxonomy: analysis
18. The
middle layer of tissue that includes the muscles, bones, ligaments, and tendons
is called ____________.
1. ectoderm
2. mid-derm
3. endoderm
*d. mesoderm
General Feedback:
Page 101; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
19. When
Goddard determined his IQ measurement was flawed, he lowered the criteria for
mental age from twelve (12) to ______.
1. 4
2. 5
*c. 8
1. 10
General Feedback:
Page 96; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
20. According
to Goddard, the biggest threat to the progress of humanity and the genetic pool
was the _______.
*a. morons
1. idiots
2. imbeciles
3. fool
General Feedback:
Page 95; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
21. Which
researcher developed the measurement we know today as IQ?
1. Goddard
2. Darwin
3. Lombroso
*d. Binet
General Feedback:
Page 95; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
22. Lombroso’s
model of stigmata as predictors of antisocial problems is more accepted by
_________ than they are by ____________.
1. criminologists;
political science
*b. modern medical science; criminologists
1. criminologists;
modern medical science
2. political
science; criminologists
General Feedback:
Page 94; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
23. All
of the following are considered minor physical anomalies (MPA’s) EXCEPT:
*a. attached earlobes
1. excessively
large gap between the first and second toes
2. head
circumference out of the normal range
3. curved
5th finger
General Feedback:
Page 93; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
24. What
do minor physical anomalies indicate?
1. psychological
aptitude
2. attitude
issues
3. social
assertiveness
*d. developmental problems
General Feedback:
Page 93; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension
25. ____________
is the study of facial and other bodily aspects to indicate developmental
problems, such as criminality.
1. craniometry
2. phrenology
3. atavism
*d. physiognomy
General Feedback:
Page 87; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
26. Originally,
scientists would measure the volume of the brain in subjects that had died long
before examination by pouring buckshot or ball bearings in the skull. Finding
this method to be invalid, they switched to seeds for measurement.
1. True
*b. False
General Feedback:
Page 85; opposite than as stated; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
27. The front
portion of the brain is called the splenium.
1. True
*b. False
General Feedback:
Page 85; it is called the genu; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
28. The
various bumps in the skull used to determine human dispositions were believed
to conform to the shape of the brain.
*a. True
1. False
General Feedback:
Page 86; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
29. Physiognomy
was accepted by society namely because it was developed around the same time
Beccaria’s work was written.
1. True
*b. False
General Feedback:
Page 87; Darwin’s work; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
30. Lombroso
examined the bodies of captured war criminals in his research concerning the
born criminal.
*a. True
1. False
General Feedback:
Page 89; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge
31. The character
of the Count in Dracula was
based on Charles Darwin’s evolutionary model.
1. True
*b. False
General Feedback:
Page 90; based on stigmata by Lombroso; Bloom’s Taxonomy:
knowledge
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