Introduction to Criminal Justice International 14th Edition by Larry J. Siegel – Test Bank
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Sample Test
Chapter 3—Understanding Crime and Victimization
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. According
to the principles of choice theory, in order for punishment to most effectively
deter crime, it must the following three conditions:
2. Swift,
satisfactory and certain
3. Severe,
certain and punitive
4. Strict,
sure, and swift
5. Intense,
lasting and cumulative
ANS: C
REF: p.
85
OBJ: 1
2. The
idea that a potential criminal would fear punishment because they know of
someone else who was punished is referred to as:
3. General
deterrence
4. Specific
deterrence
5. Environmental
deterrence
6. Situational
crime prevention
ANS:
A
REF: p.
88
OBJ: 2
3. Situational
crime prevention falls under _____ theory.
1. Psychological
2. Choice
3. Sociobiological
4. Developmental
ANS: B
REF: p.
87
OBJ: 2
4. Which
philosophy of punishment advocates severely punishing an offender in an attempt
to convince him to permanently cease committing criminal acts?
5. Specific
deterrence
6. Rehabilitation
7. Incapacitation
8. General
deterrence
ANS:
A
REF: p.
90
OBJ: 2
5. Which
of the following is not a criticism of specific deterrence?
6. Specific
deterrence assumes a rational criminal who learns from experience.
7. A
vast majority of offenders have heavy substance abuse problems, making
successful readjustment to society difficult.
8. Criminals
who are punished may believe that the likelihood of getting caught again for
the same crime is remote.
9. The
crime rate has dropped dramatically during the past decade while the prison
population has grown, indicating at least some relationship between crime rates
and incarceration rates.
ANS:
D
REF: p.
91
OBJ: 2
6. Target
hardening techniques are examples of which type of situational crime prevention
tactic?
7. Increasing
the effort needed to commit the crime
8. Increasing
the risks of committing the crime
9. Reducing
the rewards for committing the crime
10.
Inducing guilt or shame over the crime
ANS:
A
REF: p. 87
OBJ: 2
7. Putting
up large signs indicating that trash must be either thrown away or recycled and
placing bins to dump or recycle throughout a park is which type of situational
crime prevention tactic?
8. Increase
the risks
9. Reduce
provocation
10.
Remove excuses
11.
Induce shame or guilt
ANS:
C
REF: p.
88
OBJ: 2
8. Which
group of theories equates poverty with high crime rates?
9. Social
structure
10.
Social learning
11.
Psychological
12.
Choice
ANS:
A
REF: p.
100
OBJ: 6
9. __________
theory focuses on a person’s bonds to society as a factor in preventing crime.
10.
Social learning
11.
Social disorganization
12.
Choice
13.
Social control
ANS:
D
REF: p.
105
OBJ: 7
10.
Which theory is interested in the question of the link between
the media and violence?
11.
Life course theory
12.
Social control theory
13.
Psychodynamic theory
14.
Behavioral theory
ANS:
D
PTS:
REF: p. 98 OBJ: 4
11.
______ theory believes that law violators may have suffered
damage to their personalities early in their development that renders them
powerless to control their impulses.
12.
Psychodynamic
13.
Life course
14.
Developmental
15.
Sociobiological
ANS:
A
REF: p.
95
OBJ: 4
12.
According to social learning theory, people become violent
because they:
13.
Model their behavior after others and have that behavior
positively reinforced
14.
Are born with a predisposition towards violence due to their
genetics
15.
Suffer damage to their egos and superegos at an early age
16.
Have a mental disorder or illness
ANS:
A
REF: p.
106
OBJ: 7
13.
Consideration of IQ and attachment are a part of what type of
theory?
14.
Psychological theory
15.
Sociological theory
16.
Sociobiological theory
17.
Choice theory
ANS:
A
REF: p.
99 OBJ:
4
14.
Crime is believed to be a product of transitional neighborhoods
that manifest value conflict according ________ theory.
15.
Psychoanalytic
16.
Social control
17.
Social structure
18.
Social learning
ANS:
C
REF: p. 114
OBJ: 6
15.
Which is not a behavior associated with antisocial personality?
16.
Repeatedly performs acts that are grounds for arrest.
17.
Needs to plan ahead.
18.
Reckless disregard for the safety of others.
19.
Lack of remorse
ANS: B
REF: p.
98-99
OBJ: 5
16.
The differences in the crime rate that exist across regions,
states, or neighborhoods are a principal concern of __________ theory.
17.
Biological
18.
Psychological
19.
Sociological
20.
Developmental
ANS:
C
REF: p.
100
OBJ: 6
17.
A subculture occurs in disorganized neighborhoods marked by
apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and distrust which is passed from one
generation to the next, creating a permanent underclass. This subculture is
called:
18.
Focal concerns
19.
Collective efficacy
20.
The culture of poverty
21.
The truly disadvantaged
ANS:
C
REF: p.
101
OBJ: 6
18.
______ suggests that some people adopt the goals of society but
lack the means to attain them and will therefore seek alternatives, such as
crime.
19.
Strain theory
20.
Social learning theory
21.
Differential association theory
22.
Self-control theory
23.
ANS:
A
REF: p.
103-104 OBJ: 6
19.
Which of the following was not one of the models of adaptation
that Robert Merton produced as part of his explanation of how anomie can lead
to crime?
20.
Innovation
21.
Rebellion
22.
Retreatism
23.
Toughness
ANS:
D
REF: p.
104
OBJ: 6
20.
Which of the following is an argument of Hirschi’s social
control theory?
21.
Delinquents are detached loners whose bond to friends has been
broken.
22.
Delinquents have the same friendship patterns as conventional
youth.
23.
There is a definitive reason why a person’s social bond is
weakened.
24.
Only females who are detached from their parents are at risk
from for gang involvement.
ANS:
A
REF: p.
106
OBJ: 6
21.
The use of illegal means to achieve success in the absence of
legitimate means is an example of ______ in Merton’s theory of anomie.
22.
Innovation
23.
Retreatism
24.
Rebellion
25.
Conformity
ANS:
A
REF: p.
104
OBJ: 6
22.
__________ view crime as a result of the rich and powerful’s
imposition of their own moral standards and economic interests on the rest of
society.
23.
Social control theorists
24.
Critical criminologists
25.
Latent trait theorists
26.
Social learning theorists
ANS:
B
REF: p.
108
OBJ: 8
23.
______ theory is not a type of developmental theory.
24.
Age-graded
25.
Life course
26.
Latent trait
27.
Social strain
ANS:
D
REF: p. 110-111
OBJ: 9
24.
According to the views of latent trait theory, fluctuations in
offending rates are a result of:
25.
Varying criminal opportunities
26.
Varying diet and mineral intake
27.
Changes in the social bond
28.
Changes in one’s propensity to commit crime
ANS:
A
REF: p.
110 OBJ:
9
25.
The general theory of crime suggests that differences between
individuals in the tendency to commit criminal acts stems from:
26.
The level of relative deprivation in their immediate environment
27.
Their level of self-control
28.
The perceived value of social injustice in the community
29.
Their tolerance for social strain
ANS:
B
REF: p.
110
OBJ: 9
26.
According to Sampson and Laub, what are the two most critical
turning points in a criminal career?
27.
Marriage and employment
28.
Employment and imprisonment
29.
Children and imprisonment
30.
Victimization and social bonds
ANS:
A
REF: p.
111
OBJ: 9
27.
When individuals provoke or encourage criminal behavior this is
referred to as:
28.
Latent trait activation
29.
Victim precipitation
30.
Lifestyle theory
31.
Cognitive abuse of the victim
ANS:
B
REF: p.
113
OBJ: 10
28.
According to lifestyle theories, who is least likely to be a
victim of crime?
29.
Someone who lives in a high-crime area
30.
Someone who spends time in public places
31.
Someone who goes out late at night
32.
Someone who is married and stays home at night
ANS:
D
REF: p.
115
OBJ: 10
29.
What does lifestyle theory posit about victimization?
30.
The victim invariably precipitates their own victimization
31.
Victimization is a function of social strain and precipitation
32.
Crime is not a random event and the probability of a crime
occurring is dependent on the activities of the victim
33.
Victims are just as likely to become offenders as offenders are
to become victims
ANS:
C
REF: p.
115
OBJ: 10
30.
Which of the following is not one of the three factors linked to
predatory crime rates in routine activities theory?
31.
Supply of motivated offenders
32.
Supply of suitable targets
33.
Absence of effective guardians for protection
34.
Extent of relative social deprivation
ANS:
D
REF: p.
115-117 OBJ:
10
31.
According to the routine activities theory, police officers
would be considered:
32.
Capable guardians
33.
Suitable targets
34.
Motivated offender
35.
Capable targets
ANS:
A
REF: p.
115-117 OBJ: 10
32.
Which occurs when the victim exhibits some personal
characteristic that unintentionally threatens or encourages the attacker?
33.
Active precipitation
34.
Cursory precipitation
35.
Passive precipitation
36.
Solitary precipitation
ANS:
C
REF: p.
114
OBJ: 10
33.
Which occurs when the victims used threats?
34.
Active precipitation
35.
Cursory precipitation
36.
Passive precipitation
37.
Solitary precipitation
ANS:
A
REF: p.
113
OBJ: 10
34.
Which theory promotes that not all persistent offenders began
committing crime at an early age?
35.
Adolescent-limited theory
36.
Life-course persisters theory
37.
Routine activities theory
38.
Trajectory theory
ANS:
D
REF: p.
113-114 OBJ : 9
35.
What is the process in which criminal behavior becomes embedded
because antisocial behavior erodes social ties that encourage conformity and
creates incentives to commit crime?
36.
Latent traits
37.
State organized
38.
State dependence
39.
Victim precipitation
ANS:
C
REF: p.
111
OBJ: 9
36.
What age group is linked to the early onset of criminal
behavior?
37.
Toddlers
38.
Early adolescence
39.
Late teens
40.
Mid-twenties
ANS:
B
REF: p.
110
OBJ: 9
37.
Which behavior is the biggest problem according to critical
criminologists?
38.
Burglary
39.
Racism
40.
Rape
41.
Robbery
ANS:
B
REF: p.
108 OBJ:
8
38.
Which of the following is not considered a biosocial theory?
39.
Biochemical
40.
Neurological
41.
Personality
42.
Evolutionary
ANS:
C
REF: p. 92 OBJ: 3
39.
Excessive levels of ___________ have been linked to violence and
aggression.
40.
Estrogen
41.
Progesterone
42.
Serotonin
43.
Testosterone
ANS: D
REF: p. 93
OBJ: 3
40.
Research on twins indicates that:
41.
Criminal behavior of MZ twins is more similar than that of DZ
twins.
42.
Criminal behavior of DZ twins is more similar than that of MZ
twins.
43.
There is not difference when comparing the criminal behavior of
MZ and DZ twins.
44.
Very few MZ twins are involved in criminal behavior.
ANS:
A
REF: p.
94 OBJ:
3
SCENARIO BASED
NARRBEGIN: CASE 3.1
Mary and Louise are both 15 years old. They were both
arrested and each charged with stealing a vehicle. Mary stole a car from
the teacher’s parking lot at her school. Louise stole her neighbor’s car
when she decided that she wanted to drive to go see her boyfriend. They
both meet with Mr. Brown, a juvenile probation officer, who is trying to
recommend whether or not they should be detained in a juvenile detention center
prior to the disposition of their cases. NARREND
41.
Mr. Brown meets with Mary first. He inquires about her background
and where she is from. Mary explains to Mr. Brown that she knows that
stealing a car is wrong but that she is frustrated that her parents do not have
enough money to buy her a car. When she saw a teacher’s nice car in the
parking lot she felt that she deserved to have it. Which theory would
explain Mary’s crime?
42.
Biochemical
43.
Genetic
44.
Psychodynamic
45.
Strain
ANS:
D
REF: p.
103-104 OBJ:
6
NARR: CASE 3.1
42.
According to the routine activities theory Mary would be
considered a:
43.
Motivated offender
44.
Suitable target
45.
Suitable offender
46.
Capable guardian
ANS:
A
REF: p.
115-116 OBJ:
10
NARR: CASE 3.1
43.
When Mr. Brown asks Mary if she thought twice about stealing the
car from the teacher’s parking lot she replied, “when I saw that the gate was
open and there was no security officer around, I had no fear of stealing the
car.” What situational crime prevention tactic could have prevented this crime
from occurring?
44.
Increase the effort needed to commit the crime
45.
Increase the risk of committing the crime
46.
Reduce the rewards for committing the crime
47.
Remove excuses
ANS:
A
REF: p. 87-88
OBJ:
3
NARR: CASE 3.1
44.
When Mr. Brown meets with Louise he asks her the same questions
he asked Mary about her background. Louise explains that she has been arrested
ten times before for various charges including drug possession, burglary, and
assault. Louise also explains that she has been diagnosed with ADHD and
learning disabilities and she does not always know why she does the things she
does. Which biosocial view of crime would best explain Louise’s behavior?
45.
Biochemical
46.
Neurological
47.
Genetic
48.
Precipitation
ANS:
B
REF: p. 92-95
OBJ: 3
NARR: CASE 3.1
45.
Louise also explains that she was diagnosed with a psychiatric
disorder. She cannot remember the name of the disorder. Mr. Brown is
waiting for her case file to see her diagnosis. Which of the following is
not a psychiatric disorder that Louise is likely to have?
46.
Oppositional defiant disorder
47.
Conduct disorder
48.
Alexithymia
49.
Strain disorder
ANS:
D
REF: p. 96-97
OBJ: 4
NARR: CASE 3.1
NARRBEGIN: CASE 3.2
Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated
for various reasons including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, arson,
etc…. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to his prison. He
likes to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can
possible help each inmate from returning to his institution once released.
NARREND
46.
Warden Smith meets Jamaal. He was sentenced to 20 years in
prison for armed robbery. Jamaal is argumentative and is a firm believer
that the criminal justice system is just a mechanism to control the poor.
He thinks that the government should be focusing on the crimes that the wealthy
commit and not those of the lower-class community. Jamaal would most
likely support which theory?
47.
Critical
48.
Social learning
49.
Psychodynamic
50.
Choice
ANS:
A
REF: p. 108 OBJ: 8
NARR: CASE 3.2
47.
Larry meets with Warden Smith. Larry has been to prison 3
previous times. He told Warden Smith that he has committed hundreds of
other crimes that he never got caught for. His current conviction is for
drug dealing. Larry was willing to take the chance in dealing drugs
because he was going to make over $100,000 for the transaction and he thought
the potential profit was worth the risk and the effort. Which theory
would most likely support why Larry committed his crime?
48.
Critical
49.
Social learning
50.
Psychodynamic
51.
Choice
ANS:
D
REF: p. 85 OBJ: 1
NARR: CASE 3.2
48.
Joey is in prison for attempted murder. He got into a fight at a
local bar with a man who he was drinking some beers with. The man made a
comment about Joey’s girlfriend and Joey just snapped and beat him until he was
unconscious. The man was in a coma for a few months before he woke up.
The man sustained permanent brain damage. Warden Smith asked Joey why he
did not just walk away from this man who commented about his girlfriend.
Joey explained to Warden Smith that he always saw his father and uncles handle
disagreements by fist-fighting. He says this is the only way he knows how
to settle disputes. Joey asks for help from Warden Smith. What
theory would explain Joey’s behavior?
49.
Critical
50.
Social learning
51.
Psychodynamic
52.
Choice
ANS:
B
REF: p. 98 OBJ: 7
NARR: CASE 3.2
49.
Warden Smith has met with thousands of inmates who have come
into his prison. He firmly believes that the majority of people who commit
crime do so because of social structure theories. Which of the following
is not considered a social structure theory?
50.
Social disorganization
51.
Social learning
52.
Strain
53.
Cultural deviance
ANS:
B
REF: p.
100-104 OBJ:
6
NARR: CASE 3.2
50.
Warden Smith also reviews the background and criminal history of
all offenders who enter his prison. He notices a common theme that many of his
inmates began offending at a very early age and they continued to offend well
into adulthood. These inmates are considered to be:
51.
Adolescent-limited offenders
52.
Active persisters
53.
Passive persisters
54.
Life-course persisters
ANS:
D
REF: p. 113
OBJ: 9
NARR: CASE 3.2
TRUE/FALSE
1. The
field of criminology is not concerned with the control of criminal behavior,
only its causes.
ANS: F
REF: p.
84
OBJ: 1
2. Choice
theory is not applicable to violent crime as violent offenders do not exhibit
elements of rationality.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
85
OBJ: 1
3. Target
hardening techniques are one element of situational crime prevention.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
87
OBJ: 2
4. In
recent years there has been increased interest in the biology of crime,
including biochemical, neurological, evolutionary, and genetic concerns.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
92
OBJ: 3
5. 80
percent of serious reported crimes do not result in an arrest.
ANS:
T
REF: p. 89
6. There
is evidence that ADHD is related to dietary intake.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
92
OBJ: 4
7. Many
experts dispute that an IQ-crime relationship exists.
ANS:
T
REF: p. 99
OBJ: 4
8. Disinhibition
is when adults are viewed as being rewarded for violence and when violence is
seen as socially acceptable.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
96
OBJ: 4
9. Studies
show that high serotonin levels are linked with poor impulse control and
hyperactivity.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
94
OBJ: 4
10.
The lack of capable guardians is a cornerstone of routine
activities theory.
ANS: T
REF: p.
115
OBJ: 10
11.
According to situational crime prevention, if punishment is
severe enough known criminals will never be tempted to repeat their offenses.
ANS:
F
REF: p. 91
OBJ: 2
12.
Cesare Lombroso’s views on crime causation were discredited.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
92
OBJ: 3
13.
Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels increase above the
levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
9
OBJ: 3
14.
Monozygotic twins are genetically identical.
ANS:
T
REF: p. 94
OBJ: 3
15.
The focus of neurological views of crime causation is twin and
sibling behavior.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
95
OBJ:
3
16.
Sigmund Freud is responsible for the development of the
psychodynamic theory of crime.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
95
OBJ: 4
17.
People suffering from conduct disorder have difficulty following
rules and behaving in a socially acceptable way.
ANS:
T
REF: p. 96
OBJ: 4
18.
Alexithymia is a disorder characterized by an inability to
concentrate, loss of appetite, and hopelessness.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
97
OBJ: 4
19.
Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the way people
perceive and mentally represent the wolrd in which they live.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
98
OBJ: 4
20.
According to social control theorists, society produces
criminals by stigmatizing certain individuals as deviant.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
107
OBJ: 7
COMPLETION
1. _________________
is a crime control approach that seeks to instill fear of criminal penalties in
the public.
ANS: General deterrence
REF: p.
88
OBJ: 2
2. The
terms “psychopath” and “sociopath” are commonly used to describe people who
have a (n) ___________.
ANS: antisocial personality
REF: p.
98-99
OBJ: 5
3. The
concept of ____________________ refers to the absence or weakness of rules and
social norms (normlessness) in any person or group.
ANS: anomie
REF: p.
100
OBJ: 6
4. The concept
of ____________________ refers to the frustration and inner conflict
experienced by people who believe that they cannot achieve their desires and
goals through legitimate means.
ANS: strain
REF: p.
103
OBJ: 6
5. ________
is the stratifications, classes, institutions, and groups that characterize a
society.
ANS: Social structure
REF: p.
100
OBJ: 6
6. ________
is the beginning of antisocial behavior during early adolescence, after which
criminal behavior is more likely to persist throughout the life span.
ANS: Early onset
REF: p.
110
OBJ: 9
7. According
to labeling theorists, the use of social or physical restraints such as handcuffs,
incarceration, or a criminal record are examples of ____________________
ceremonies, believed to leave a lasting impression on the accused.
ANS: degradation
REF: p.
107
OBJ: 7
8. In
cohesive communities, _________ may develop. This is characterized by mutual
trust, a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children, and the
maintenance of public order.
ANS: collective efficacy
REF: p.
103
OBJ: 6
9. ____________________
theory views criminality as a dynamic process which is influenced by a variety
of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences.
ANS: Life course
REF: p.
111
OBJ: 9
10.
According to Laub and Samson, “turning points” allow people to
build ____________________,which is the positive relations with individuals and
institutions that contribute to success.
ANS: social capital
REF: p.
112
OBJ: 9
11.
___________________ may be considered typical teenagers who get
into minor scrapes and engage in what might be considered rebellious teenage
behavior with their friends.
ANS: Adolscent-limited offenders
REF: p.
113
OBJ: 9
12.
Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age
and continue to offend into adulthood are known as ______________________.
ANS: life-course persisters
REF: p.
113
OBJ: 9
13.
The role of the victim in provoking or encouraging criminal
behavior is known as _______________.
ANS: victim precipitation
REF: p.
113-114
OBJ: 10
14.
The major premise of ___________________ theory is that crime is
a function of diet, vitamin intake, hormonal imbalance, or food allergies.
ANS: biochemical
REF: p.
92-93
OBJ: 3
15.
_______________are chemical compounds that influence or activate
brain functions.
ANS: Neurotransmitters
REF: p. 93
OBJ: 3
ESSAY
1. Why
do some experts believe that crime is rational?
ANS: answers will
vary REF: p.
85-86
OBJ: 1
2. There
are six tactics of situational crime prevention. Which do you think is the most
effective and why.
ANS: answers will
vary REF: p.
88-89
OBJ: 2
3. Compare
and contrast general and specific deterrence. Do you think that today’s laws
deter individuals from committing crimes? Support your answer.
ANS: answers will
vary
REF: p.
89-90
OBJ: 2
4. Who
was Cesare Lombroso and what did he believe were the causes of crime?
ANS: answers will
vary
REF: p. 92 OBJ: 3
5. How
do scientists test to see if crime is genetic? What does the current research
show?
ANS: answers will
vary
q REF:
p. 94 OBJ: 3
6. Explain
the psychodynamic theory of crime.
ANS: answers will
vary
REF: p. 95-96
OBJ: 4
7. Discuss
two disorders that have been linked to antisocial youth.
ANS: answers will
vary
REF: p.
97-98
OBJ: 4
8. What
are some of the criticisms in linking IQ to crime?
ANS: answers will vary
REF: p.
99-100 OBJ: 4
9. Compare
and contrast the various social structure theories of crime.
ANS: answers will
vary REF: p.
100-104 OBJ: 6
10.
Which theory do you believe best explains the majority of criminal
behavior and why.
ANS: answers will vary REF: p.
82-117
OBJ: 1-10
Chapter 5—Public Policing and Private Security
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What
arrangement in early English society required that every person in a village be
responsible for protecting the settlement from thieves?
2. The
runner system
3. Community
policing
4. The
pledge system
5. The
watch system
ANS:
C
REF: p. 158
OBJ: 1
2. The
_____ was created in 1326 under the watch system of policing to assist the
shire reeve in controlling the county?
3. Deputy
position
4. Constable
position
5. Bobbie
position
6. Justice
of the peace
ANS:
D
REF: p.
158
OBJ: 1
3. What
was the name of the organized private police that patrolled 18th century
England?
4. Constables
5. Shire
reeves
6. Bobbies
7. Thief
takers
ANS:
D
REF: p. 158-159 OBJ: 1
4. When
was the Metropolitan Police Act passed through Parliament?
5. 1229
6. 1429
7. 1629
8. 1829
ANS: D
REF: p.
159
OBJ: 1
5. English
police officers are known as bobbies because:
6. The
tails of the horses they rode were cut short (bobbed).
7. Sir
Robert (Bobbie) Peel was responsible for their creation.
8. The
first name Robert and its accompanying nickname Bobbie were extremely common
among the first generation of English police.
9. They
were paid in shillings, for which the slang term was “bob.”
ANS:
B
REF: p.
159
OBJ: 1
6. Which
of the following was not one of Sir Robert Peel’s nine principles of policing?
7. The
basic mission for which the police exist is to make arrests and aid in
convictions.
8. The
ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent on public approval
of police actions.
9. Police
must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of
the law in order to secure and maintain public respect.
10.
Police preserve public favor by constantly demonstrating
absolute impartial service to the law.
ANS:
A
REF: p.
160
OBJ: 2
7. The
first technological breakthrough in policing came in the area of:
8. Transportation
9. Communication
10.
Regulation
11.
Administration
ANS:
B
REF: p.
162
OBJ: 2
8. How
did police reformer August Vollmer contribute to police professionalism?
9. Instituting
university training for young officers.
10.
Establishing the first formal police academy in the U.S.
11.
Becoming the first President of the IACP.
12.
Creating the first SWAT team.
ANS:
A
REF: p.
163
OBJ: 3
9. The
_______________ was created in 1929 by President Herbert Hoover to study the
U.S. criminal justice system and make recommendations for improvement.
10.
Criminal Justice Institute
11.
National Institute of Justice
12.
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
13.
Wickersham Commission
ANS:
D
REF: p.
163
OBJ: 3
10.
The defining event that helped shape police reforms in the 1990s
was the:
11.
Creation of the International Association of Chiefs of Police.
12.
Creation of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.
13.
Growth of police unions.
14.
Beating of Rodney King.
ANS:
D
REF: p.
165
OBJ: 4
11.
Which federal law enforcement agency has unlimited jurisdiction?
12.
CIA
13.
DEA
14.
U.S. Justice Department
15.
No single federal agency has unlimited jurisdiction
ANS:
D
REF: p.
166
OBJ: 5
12.
Who heads the U.S. Department of Justice?
13.
U.S. Attorney General
14.
Secretary of the Treasury
15.
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
16.
Secretary of State
ANS:
A
REF: p.
166
OBJ: 6
13.
Which of the following is false regarding the FBI?
14.
It maintains liaison offices in other countries.
15.
It is an investigative agency rather than a police agency.
16.
It has jurisdiction over all federal and state laws.
17.
It was under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover from 1924 until
his death in 1972.
ANS:
C
REF: p. 166
OBJ: 6
14.
Under its reformulated priorities, the FBI’s primary objective
is to protect the:
15.
Civil rights of those residing in the United States.
16.
Businesses in the U.S. from infiltration by organized crime.
17.
U.S. against espionage.
18.
U.S. from terrorist attacks.
ANS:
D
REF: p. 167-168
OBJ: 6
15.
What federal agency is responsible for the transporting of
federal prisoners?
16.
U.S. Marshals
17.
FBI
18.
Department of Homeland Security
19.
Secret Service
ANS:
A
REF: p. 169
OBJ: 6
16.
What federal agency enforces the Gun Control Act of 1968 and the
Organized Crime Control Act of 1970?
17.
ATF
18.
FBI
19.
DHS
20.
Secret Service
ANS: A
REF: p.
168
OBJ: 6
17.
Which is the oldest federal law enforcement agency?
18.
U.S. Marshals
19.
FBI
20.
DHS
21.
IRS
ANS:
A
REF: p.
168
OBJ: 6
18.
Which of the following is an agency within the Department of
Homeland Security?
19.
CBP
20.
FBI
21.
U.S. Marshals
22.
ATF
ANS:
A
REF: p. 169-170 OBJ: 6
19.
Which state formed the first statewide police agency in 1835?
20.
Massachusetts
21.
Pennsylvania
22.
Texas
23.
Arizona
ANS: C
REF: p. 170
OBJ: 7
20.
Which of the following is not a branch of the Department of
Homeland Security?
21.
Customs and Border Protection
22.
Department of Justice
23.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
24.
U.S. Secret Service
ANS:
B
REF: p. 169-170 OBJ: 6
21.
Which of the following is not a mission of the U.S. Secret
Service?
22.
Investigate counterfeiting and other financial crimes, including
financial institution fraud, identity theft and computer fraud.
23.
Investigate threats against protected officials.
24.
Protect the President and Vice-President.
25.
Conduct and coordinate international investigations involving
transnational criminal organizations responsible for the illegal movement of
people, goods, and technology into and out of the U.S.
ANS:
D
REF: p.
170
OBJ: 6
22.
______ police make up the majority of the nation’s authorized
law enforcement personnel.
23.
Local
24.
County
25.
State
26.
Federal
ANS: A
REF: p.
173
OBJ: 7
23.
The role of ______ law enforcement evolved from that of the
early English shire reeve, whose primary duty was to assist the royal judges in
trying prisoners and enforcing sentences.
24.
Local
25.
County
26.
State
27.
Federal
ANS:
B
REF: p.
172
OBJ: 7
24.
What term is used to describe the use of computer software to
conduct analysis of behavioral patterns in an effort to link open cases to
known perpetrators?
25.
Crime mapping
26.
CODIS
27.
Data mining
28.
Systems analysis
ANS:
C
REF: p.
182
OBJ: 9
25.
Which of the following is not an advantage of high-definition
surveying?
26.
Investigators can maneuver every piece of evidence.
27.
The perspective of the crime scene can be manipulated.
28.
Crime scene contamination is limited.
29.
It relies on photographic evidence and two-dimensional drawings.
ANS:
D
REF: p.
184
OBJ: 9
26.
Chicago’s CLEARMAP program is an example of which type of crime
fighting technology?
27.
Biometrics
28.
Criminal identification
29.
Crime mapping
30.
DNA testing
ANS:
C
REF: p.
184
OBJ: 9
27.
AFIS is a (n):
28.
National database of DNA records.
29.
Computerized fingerprint system.
30.
Automated stolen vehicle database.
31.
Continually updating fugitive identification system.
ANS:
B
REF: p.
186
OBJ: 9
28.
Which of the following statements regarding the use of DNA in
criminal cases is false?
29.
DNA profiling allows suspects to be identified on the basis of
genetic material.
30.
Every U.S. state maintains a DNA database of convicted
offenders.
31.
The United States is the only country with a DNA database.
32.
DNA fingerprinting is used as evidence in criminal trials in
many states.
ANS:
C
REF: p.
187
OBJ: 9
29.
Which of the following is false about Gunshot Location Systems?
30.
This system uses sensors to determine the direction from which
the sound came, and can triangulate and determine the exact location where the
gunshots were fired.
31.
This technology is known to deter criminals.
32.
An advantage of this technology is rapid response by police.
33.
A limitation of this technology is its high cost.
ANS:
B
REF: p. 182-183
OBJ: 9
30.
Which of the following is false about biometrics?
31.
Biometric authenticators are unique to the user and as a result
cannot be stolen and used without that individual’s knowledge.
32.
Biometrics involves automated methods of recognizing a person
based on their fingerprint characteristics.
33.
Biometrics can be used at all levels of government and in
private businesses.
34.
Casinos have started to implement biometrics to recognize when
known cheaters enter their premises.
ANS:
B
REF: p.
186
OBJ: 9
31.
Which of the following is an example of soft technology that law
enforcement uses?
32.
Metal detectors
33.
Tasers
34.
Sex offender registration
35.
Street lighting
ANS:
C
REF: p. 180-181 OBJ: 9
32.
Which of the following is an example of hard technology used by
law enforcement?
33.
Ignition interlock systems
34.
Facial recognition software
35.
Crime mapping
36.
Gunshot location devices
ANS:
A REF: p.
180-181 OBJ: 9
33.
How many private policing (private security service) firms exist
in the United States?
34.
100
35.
1000
36.
10,000
37.
100,000
ANS:
C
REF: p.
175
OBJ: 8
34.
How do private police compare with public police?
35.
The primary focus of private police is enforcement of the
criminal law.
36.
Much of public policing is concerned with loss prevention.
37.
Private police are concerned almost solely with prevention.
38.
There are no differences between public and private police.
ANS:
C
REF: p. 176-179
OBJ: 8
35.
All of the following are reasons for the growth in private
policing EXCEPT:
36.
The desire for nongovernmental service provisions
37.
Growth in mass private property
38.
A belief that the private sector can do a better job than the
public sector
39.
Private police are better trained
ANS:
D
REF: p. 177-179 OBJ: 8
36.
In medieval England who was expected to make a hue and cry to assemble
his helpers and warn the village when trouble occurred?
37.
Constable
38.
Sheriff
39.
Shire reeve
40.
Tythingman
ANS:
D
REF: p.
158
OBJ: 1
37.
Law enforcement in colonial America paralleled the _________
model.
38.
British
39.
Chinese
40.
Japanese
41.
Spanish
ANS:
A
REF: p.
160
OBJ: 2
38.
In what region of the United States were vigilantes called on to
use force or intimidation to eradicate such social problems as theft of
livestock?
39.
East
40.
South
41.
North
42.
West
ANS:
D
REF: p.
161
OBJ: 2
39.
What was the result of the Boston police strike in 1919?
40.
All striking officers were fired and replaced with new recruits.
41.
Police officers received an increase in their salaries.
42.
The police officers were able to form a successful union that
negotiated with political leaders.
43.
Police officers received more vacation and sick days.
ANS:
A
REF: p. 162-163
OBJ: 3
40.
During which decade did the Law Enforcement Assistance
Administration (LEA) devote a significant portion of its funds to police
agencies?
41.
1950s
42.
1960s
43.
1970s
44.
1980s
ANS:
C
REF: p. 164-165
OBJ: 4
SCENARIO BASED
NARRBEGIN: CASE 5.1
Danny is a new police recruit. He is amazed at the
technology that is used at his police department. His goal is to become a
detective who works in the crime scene investigation unit of his police
department. Because of this goal, when he responds to a call he pays
particular attention to the technology used at his police department.
NARREND
41.
One call that Danny responds to is a shooting where the offender
is believed to be hiding in a vacant office building. What device are the
officers using to detect if the suspect is actually hiding in this vacant
office building?
42.
Biometrics
43.
Data mining
44.
DNA testing
45.
Thermal imagers
ANS:
D REF: p.
183 OBJ: 9
NARR: CASE 5.1
42.
Danny responded to a robbery where the suspect left a note
demanding money. Danny hands over this note to crime scene investigators who
want to compare the handwriting on the note to other notes left at previous
robberies. This handwriting will be compared to samples that already exist in a
database. Using handwriting to identify individuals is a part of a
practice of:
43.
Biometrics
44.
Data mining
45.
DNA testing
46.
Thermal imagers
ANS:
A REF: p.
186 OBJ: 9
NARR: CASE 5.1
43.
Danny is surprised to learn that DNA evidence collected at local
crime scenes in his jurisdiction are sent to a federal database titled
“Combined DNA Index System.” Which federal agency maintains this CODIS
database?
44.
DEA
45.
FBI
46.
CIA
47.
DHS
ANS:
B
REF: p.
188
OBJ: 9
NARR: CASE 5.1
44.
Because of his commendable performance during his first year as
a police rookie, Danny is being assigned to a task force which will be
investigating counterfeiting and other financial crimes. Which federal agency
will Danny most likely work with on this task force?
45.
ATF
46.
DHS
47.
Secret Service
48.
U.S. Marshalls
ANS:
C
REF: p. 170 OBJ: 6
NARR: CASE 5.1
45.
Danny is working a midnight shift. He receives a call from his
shift supervisor to come back to the police department for a briefing.
The officers receive information from a federal agent who advises them that a
known bank robber is hiding out in the city. They devise a plan to
apprehend this dangerous felon. Which federal agency is leading this
fugitive apprehension team?
46.
ATF
47.
DHS
48.
Secret Service
49.
U.S. Marshalls
ANS:
C
REF: p. 168 OBJ: 6
NARR: CASE 5.1
NARRBEGIN: CASE 5.2
Chief Jones has been a police officer since 1960. He was
hired by the New York City Police Department in 1960 when he was 20 years
old. He is now 72 years old and will be retiring as the police chief of a
police department in a city located 60 miles outside of New York City. He
has seen many changes in policing over the past fifty years. NARREND
46.
Chief Jones is reminiscing about how much policing has changed.
He discusses with some new police recruits how he was a police officer during a
time of civil unrest where there was a lot of tension between the police and
the public. During this decade there were a number of bloody confrontations
between the public and the police. This was also a decade where many
police officers felt as if they were being “handcuffed by the courts.”
Which decade is Chief Jones referring to?
47.
1950s
48.
1960s
49.
1970s
50.
1980s
ANS:
B
REF: p.
164
OBJ: 4
NARR: CASE 5.2
47.
In preparing his retirement speech with his assistant, Chief
Jones reflects back on when unions were very successful in winning increased
salaries and benefits for police officers across the country. During which
decade did police benefit greatly from union leadership?
48.
1950s
49.
1960s
50.
1970s
51.
1980s
ANS:
D
REF: p. 165
OBJ: 4
NARR: CASE 5.2
48.
Many young police officers in Chief Jones’ agency often question
their Chief as to why he never went into federal law enforcement. Chief Jones
tells his officers that he was recruited to help restructure Immigration and
Customs Enforcement following the September 11, 2001 attacks. Immigration and Customs
Enforcement is part of which department?
49.
Department of Defense
50.
Department of Homeland Security
51.
Department of Justice
52.
Department of Veteran Affair
ANS:
B
REF: p.
169
OBJ: 6
NARR: CASE 5.2
49.
The officers continue to ask Chief Jones about Immigration and
Customs Enforcement. Some of them want to know what type of law enforcement
opportunities exist in this agency. Chief Jones’ discusses the components of
ICE. All of the following are components of ICE except:
50.
Office of Investigations
51.
Office of Detention and Removal Operations
52.
Office of Intelligence
53.
Witness Security
ANS:
D
REF: p. 169-170 OBJ: 6
NARR: CASE 5.2
50.
Chief Jones’ is concerned that too many public policing responsibilities
are being shifted to the private sector. He is a firm believer that policing
should be left to the government, not private corporations. All of the
following are common criticisms of private policing EXCEPT:
51.
Motives are more important than the protection of public safety.
52.
Private policing could replace public police.
53.
That private police have unbridled authority over citizens and
public police officers.
54.
Whether private security guards are subject to the same search
and seizure standards as public police officers.
ANS:
C
REF: p. 180
OBJ: 8
NARR: CASE 5.2
TRUE/FALSE
1. The
shire reeve was considered the first police officer in the United States.
ANS:
F
REF: p. 158
OBJ: 1
2. Thief
takers were professional criminals that assisted burglars.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
159
OBJ: 1
3. The
colonial sheriff did not patrol or seek out crime but only reacted to citizens’
complaints and investigated crimes once they already occurred.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
160
OBJ: 2
4. The
end of the Vietnam War significantly reduced tensions between students and
police, as well as between minorities and the police.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
164
OBJ: 4
5. Women
and minorities were recruited to police work under affirmative action programs
in the 1990s.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
165
OBJ: 4
6. There
are more than 2 million employees involved in private policing.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
175
OBJ: 8
7. Immigration
and Customs Enforcement is part of the Department of Homeland Security.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
169
OBJ: 6
8. Gunshot
location systems base its product on the same technology that geologists use to
pinpoint an earthquake’s epicenter.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
182
OBJ: 9
1.
9. Data
mining recognizes geographic “hot spots” where a majority of predatory crimes
are concentrated.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
181
OBJ: 9
10.
One criticism of private policing is that it could eventually
replace government.
ANS: T
REF: p.
180
OBJ: 8
11.
Private security guards are subject to Fourth Amendment
requirements if they are performing services that are traditionally reserved
for the police.
ANS: T
REF: p.
180
OBJ: 8
12.
Facial recognition software is an example of HARD Technology
used by law enforcement.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
181
OBJ: 9
13.
The Secret Service operate CODIS which is a computerized
database that allows DNA taken at a crime scene to be searched electronically
to find matches against samples taken from convicted offenders and from other
crime scenes.
ANS:
F
REF: p. 187
OBJ:
9
14.
Many of the first law enforcement officers in London were
corrupt and unsuccessful at stopping crime.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
159
OBJ: 1
15.
The early nineteenth century was an era of widespread urban
unrest and mob violence which led local leaders to realize that a more
structured police function was needed to keep the peace.
ANS:
T
REF: p. 161 OBJ: 3
16.
In the late nineteenth century, police work was not desirable
because it paid less than most other blue-collar jobs.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
161
OBJ: 3
17.
Police during the nineteenth century were regarded as
incompetent and corrupt and were disliked by the people whom they served.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
162
OBJ: 3
18.
In the 1990s, police departments began to embrace community
policing.
ANS:
T
REF: p. 165
OBJ: 4
19.
The U.S. Marshals work with law enforcement authorities at the federal,
state, and local levels to apprehend felons.
ANS:
T
REF: p. 168 OBJ: 6
20.
The Department of Homeland Security was created as a result of
President Herbert Hoover’s creation of the National Commission on Law Observance
and Enforcement.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
163
OBJ: 6
COMPLETION
1. ____________________
is credited with the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act that established
the first organized police force in London.
ANS: Sir Robert
Peel
REF: p.
159
OBJ: 1
2. On
the western frontier of the early U.S., where formal law enforcement had few
resources, the law was often enforced by ____________________, or groups of
citizens enforcing the law through their own means.
ANS:
vigilante
REF: p. 161
OBJ: 2
3. ____________________
was the chief of police in Berkeley, California who helped found the School of
Criminology at the University of California.
ANS: August
Vollmer
REF: p. 163 OBJ: 3
4. ____________________
gained national attention during the O.J. Simpson trial and allows suspects to
be identified on the basis of the genetic material found in hair, blood, and other
bodily tissues and fluids.
ANS: DNA
profiling
REF: p. 187 OBJ: 9
5. ____________________
is concerned with guarding private property from theft, trespass, and damage.
ANS: Protective policing
REF p. 178 OBJ: 8
6. The
____________________ helps control sales of untaxed liquor and cigarettes.
ANS: ATF
REF: p.
168 OBJ: 6
7. Since
1970 the ____________________ have protected, relocated, and given new
identities to more than 8,000 witnesses.
ANS: U.S.
Marshals
REF: p. 168 OBJ: 6
8. ____________________
is paramount in the private policing context, whereas public policing relies
more heavily on detection of criminal acts and apprehension of suspects.
ANS:
Surveillance
REF: p.
177
OBJ: 8
9. The
____________________ investigates counterfeiting and other financial crimes.
ANS: U.S. Secret
Service REF:
p. 170 OBJ: 6
10.
____________________ gives the police the ability to analyze
detailed visuals of crime patterns.
ANS: Crime
mapping
REF: p. 184 OBJ: 9
11.
____________________ is defined as automated methods of
recognizing a person based on
physiological or behavioral characteristics.
ANS: Biometrics
REF: p.
186
OBJ: 9
12.
____________________ can classify fingerprints and identify up
to 250 characteristics on the print.
ANS:
AFIS
OBJ:
9
REF: p. 186-187
13.
The __________________, created in 1835, was one of the first
state police agencies formed.
ANS: Texas
Rangers OBJ:
5
REF: p. 170
14.
_______________________ involves personalized service and
decentralized policing, citizen empowerment, and an effort to reduce community
fear of crime, disorder, and decay.
ANS: Community Policing
OBJ:
4
REF: p. 165
15.
The four main levels of law enforcement in the United States
include ____________, _____________, _______________, and __________.
ANS: federal, state, county,
local
REF: p.
166
OBJ: 5
ESSAY
1. Discuss
the early development of police in England.
ANS: answers will
vary
REF: p. 158-160
OBJ: 1
2. Which
principle of policing proposed by Sir Robert Peel do you feel is the most
important and why?
ANS: answers will vary
REF: p. 160 OBJ: 1
3. Discuss
twentieth-century police reforms and the emergence of professionalism.
ANS: answers will vary
REF: p.
162-163
OBJ: 3
4. Discuss
policing in the United States in the 1960s.
ANS: answers will
vary
REF: p. 164 OBJ: 4
5. What
services does the FBI offer to local law enforcement agencies?
ANS: answers will
vary
REF: p.
166-167
OBJ: 6
6. What are
the duties of the U.S. Marshals?
ANS: answers will
vary
REF: p. 168-169
OBJ: 6
7. Summarize
the four levels of law enforcement in the United States.
ANS: answers will vary
REF: p. 166-173 OBJ:
5
8. Discuss
three of the branches and functions of the newly formed Department of Homeland
Security.
ANS: answers will
vary
REF: p. 169-170
OBJ: 6
9. How
are private police different from the public police departments?
ANS: answers will vary
REF: p.
176-178
OBJ: 8
10.
What is AFIS and how does it help law enforcement officers?
ANS: answers will
vary
REF: p. 186-187
OBJ: 9
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