Introduction to Criminal Justice Robert Bohm 9th Edition- Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 03 Test Bank

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1.	Which of the following is a product of the Enlightenment period, or the Age of Reason, a period of history that began in the early 1500s and lasted until the late 1700s? A. classical theory   B. critical theory   C. positivist theory   D. neoclassical theory

 

2.	Several modifications of classical theory are collectively referred to as A. conflict theory.   B. radical theory.   C. positivist theory.   D. neoclassical theory.

 

3.	Which of the following best captures classical criminologists’ concept of “utility”? A. “Winning isn’t everything; it is the only thing.”   B. “the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number”   C. “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”   D. “All’s fair in love and war.”

 

4.	Which of the following theories assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who are motivated by a hedonistic rationality? A. humanistic psychological theory   B. Chicago School theory   C. anomie theory   D. classical theory

 

5.	According to Cesare Beccaria, the basis of society, as well as the origin of punishments and the right to punish, is A. the Mayflower Compact.   B. specific deterrence.   C. general deterrence.   D. the social contract.

 

6.

Cesare Beccaria recommended six ways to prevent crime. Which of the following does NOT belong? A. Educate the public.   B. Determine the physiological causes of crime.   C. Enact laws that are clear, simple, and unbiased, and that reflect the consensus of the population.   D. Eliminate corruption from the administration of justice.

 

7.	Which of the following theories was an explicit rejection of the critical and “negative” philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers? A. classical theory   B. radical theory   C. positivist theory   D. neoclassical theory

 

8.

Which of the following is a general criticism of positivism? A. Positivistic theories generally account for too much crime, and, at the same time, they have difficulty explaining exceptions.   B. Positivistic theories generally ignore the criminalization process.   C. Positivistic theories generally ignore the multitude of fundamental conflicts of value and interest in society.   D. All the answers are correct.

 

9.	Which of the following scientists suggested that some people were “less highly evolved or developed than others” and that some people “were nearer their apelike ancestors than others in traits, abilities, and dispositions”? A. Charles Darwin   B. Sigmund Freud   C. Émile Durkheim   D. Alida Merlo

 

10.	Which of the following theories is based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from noncriminals? A. classical theory   B. biological positivism   C. psychological positivism   D. sociological positivism

 

11.	Who argued that criminals are, by birth, a distinct type, and that this type can be recognized by physical characteristics or stigmata such as enormous jaws, high cheekbones, insensitivity to pain, etc.? A. Cesare Beccaria   B. Johann Caspar Lavater   C. Cesare Lombroso   D. William Sheldon

 

12.	What did Cesare Lombroso call a person predisposed to crime? A. a stigmata   B. an atavist   C. a criminaloid   D. a psychopath

 

13.	Which of the following theorists is associated with body-type theory? A. William Sheldon   B. Cesare Lombroso   C. Johan Caspar Lavater   D. Joseph Gall

 

14.	According to body-type theory, an athletically built individual would be classified under the ________ body type. A. mesomorphic   B. heteromorphic   C. endomorphic   D. ectomorphic

 

15.	Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of methods used in heredity studies? A. somatotype studies   B. family tree studies   C. twin studies   D. statistical comparisons

 

16.	Low levels of the brain neurotransmitter ________ have been found in impulsive murderers and arsonists. A. dopamine   B. norepinephrine   C. testosterone   D. serotonin

 

17.	With whom are psychoanalytic theories of crime causation associated? A. Sigmund Freud   B. Cesare Lombroso   C. William Sheldon   D. H. H. Goddard

 

18.

Which of the following is NOT a problem with psychotherapy? A. It rests on faith; much of its theoretical structure is scientifically untestable.   B. The emphasis in psychotherapy as an approach to rehabilitation is on the individual offender and not on the individual offender in interaction with the environment in which the criminal behavior occurs.   C. The behaviors that are treated in psychotherapy are not criminal; they are deep-seated problems.   D. Psychotherapy fails to make use of a variety of projective tests, dream interpretation, and free association.

 

19.	From whose theory can it be inferred that crime may be a means by which individuals satisfy their basic human needs? A. Sigmund Freud   B. Alfred Adler   C. Abraham Maslow   D. Seymour Halleck

 

20.

Which of the following theorists maintains that criminal behavior sometimes is chosen as an adaptation over other possible alternatives because it offers gratifications or psychological advantages that could not be achieved otherwise? A. Sigmund Freud   B. Alfred Adler   C. Abraham Maslow   D. Seymour L. Halleck

 

21.

There are at least three crime policy implications of Seymour Halleck’s humanistic psychological theory. Which of the following is NOT one of the three policy implications listed in your textbook? A. Sources of social oppression should be eliminated wherever possible.   B. Psychotherapy should be provided for subjective oppressions.   C. Psychoactive drugs should be provided as part of the psychotherapy process.   D. Alternative legal ways of coping with oppression should be provided.

 

22.	Who among the following theorists advocated containing crime within reasonable boundaries? A. Émile Durkheim   B. Abraham Maslow   C. William Sheldon   D. Sigmund Freud

 

23.	For Émile Durkheim, the cause of crime is ________, that is, the dissociation of the individual from the ________. A. anomie; collective conscience   B. sui generis; collective conscience   C. sociopathy; sui generis   D. sui generis; anomie

 

24.

In the context of anomie theory, which of the following statements is true of ritualists? A. They are not willing to settle for less wealth.   B. They do not follow legitimate institutional means.   C. They actively pursue the cultural goal of wealth.   D. They are usually members of the lower middle class.

 

25.	The research of the Chicago School was based on a model taken from A. chemistry.   B. ecology.   C. history.   D. sociology.

 

26.

For Chicago theorists, social disorganization is defined by several characteristics. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of social disorganization? A. There is little encouragement, training, or opportunity for legitimate employment.   B. The usual controls over delinquents are largely absent.   C. There are many opportunities for delinquent behavior.   D. There is an absence of gangs and gang-related delinquency.

 

27.	According to Robert K. Merton, ________ pursue the cultural goal of wealth only through legitimate institutional means. A. rebels   B. ritualists   C. conformers   D. innovators

 

28.	According to Robert K. Merton, ________ do not actively pursue the cultural goal of wealth (they are willing to settle for less) but follow the legitimate institutional means anyway. A. rebels   B. ritualists   C. conformers   D. innovators

 

29.	According to Robert K. Merton, ________ pursue the cultural goal of wealth through illegitimate means. A. rebels   B. ritualists   C. conformers   D. innovators

 

30.

According to Albert K. Cohen, what is the cause of anomie experienced by juveniles? A. the inability to achieve status among peers by socially acceptable means   B. the social structure’s inability to provide legitimate institutional means of achieving the goal of wealth   C. the usual controls over them being largely absent   D. their dissociation from the collective conscience

 

31.	Cloward and Ohlin named three types of delinquent subcultures. Which of the following is NOT one of them? A. the ritualist   B. the violent   C. the retreatist   D. the criminal

 

32.	Edwin H. Sutherland’s ________ states that persons who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal definitions and isolation from noncriminal definitions.   A. differential association theory   B. anomie (or strain) theory   C. learning theory   D. social control theory

 

33.

Edwin H. Sutherland’s theory that a person who becomes a criminal does so because of his or her contact with criminal definitions and isolation from anticriminal definitions is known as A. collective conscience.   B. social disorganization.   C. differential social organization.   D. differential association.

 

34.

Which of the following theorists modified Edwin H. Sutherland’s theory by introducing role theory and arguing that criminal behavior could be learned by identifying with criminal roles and not just by associating with criminals? A. C. Ray Jeffery   B. Daniel Glaser   C. B. F. Skinner   D. H. H. Goddard

 

35.	What do learning theorists call the presentation of a stimulus that increases or maintains a response? A. positive reinforcement   B. negative reinforcement   C. extinction   D. punishment

 

36.

Your textbook states four general ways in which punishment can be administered effectively according to learning theory. Which of the following is NOT one of them? A. Punishment must be combined with the positive reinforcement of alternative, prosocial behaviors.   B. Punishment must be applied consistently and immediately.   C. Punishment must include fines or some kind of restitution.   D. Punishment must be combined with extinction.

 

37.	From the perspective of ________, people are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so. A. learning theory   B. differential association theory   C. role theory   D. social control theory

 

38.	Which of the following is the commission of crime subsequent to the first criminal act and the acceptance of a criminal label? A. atavism   B. secondary deviance   C. anomie   D. primary deviance

 

39.	Which of the following is the focus of labeling theory? A. the ways in which criminals are different from noncriminals   B. the competition among individuals belonging to various interest groups   C. the way people and actions are defined as criminal   D. the peculiarities of the criminal actor

 

40.	For which of the following theories is reintegrative shaming a policy implication? A. labeling theory   B. radical theory   C. British or left realism   D. peacemaking criminology

 

41.	One problem with labeling theory is that it tends to ________ the importance of the official labeling process. A. counteracts   B. ignore   C. overemphasize   D. disregard

 

42.

Which of the following statements reflects a feature of conflict theory? A. It is reformist in its policy implications.   B. It specifies the sources of power in society.   C. It acknowledges that power in society comes primarily from the ownership of private property.   D. It calls for subordinate groups to give up some of their power to dominant groups.

 

43.	Radical theories of crime causation are generally based on the ideas of A. Karl Marx.   B. Susan B. Anthony.   C. Travis Hirschi.   D. Edwin H. Sutherland.

 

44.	Radical criminologists argue that ________ is an economic system that requires people to compete against each other in the individualistic pursuit of material wealth. A. communism   B. socialism   C. capitalism   D. distributionism

 

45.	Which of the following has been identified by a leading exponent of left realism, Jock Young, as a potent, though not exclusive, cause of crime? A. biological inferiority   B. relative deprivation   C. absolute deprivation   D. patriarchy

 

46.

Which of the following suggests that the solution to all social problems, including crime, is the transformation of human beings, mutual dependence, reduction of class structures, the creation of communities of caring people, and universal social justice? A. British or left realism   B. radical theory   C. peacemaking criminology   D. feminist theory

 

47.	Which of the following focuses on women’s experiences and ways of knowing because, in the past, men’s experiences have been taken as the norm and generalized to the population?   A. British or left realism   B. radical theory   C. peacemaking criminology   D. feminist theory

 

48.	Men’s control over women’s labor and sexuality is known as   A. praxis.   B. patriarchy.   C. acedia.   D. atavism.

 

49.	Your textbook lists three general solutions to women’s subordinate position in society for liberal feminists. Which of the following does NOT belong? A. abolition of patriarchy   B. equal opportunity   C. equal rights   D. freedom of choice

 

50.	A theory of crime attempts to explain why or how a certain thing or things are related to criminal behavior. True    False

 

51.	Criminological theory exclusively refers to explanations of criminal behavior. True    False

 

52.	Classical criminologist Cesare Beccaria favored the death penalty as a way of achieving general deterrence. True    False

 

53.	Special or specific deterrence is the use of the punishment of specific individuals to prevent people in general or society at large from engaging in crime. True    False

 

54.	Cesare Beccaria asserted that punishing crime is not enough and that it is also important to reward law-abiding behavior. True    False

 

55.	Administering testosterone to male sex offenders has been found to reduce their sexual drives. True    False

 

56.	Chemical castration is legal in some states. True    False

 

57.	According to Seymour L. Halleck, the emotional experience of objective or subjective oppression is helplessness, to which a person sometimes adapts by resorting to criminal behavior. True    False

 

58.	Émile Durkheim rejected the idea that society is more than a simple aggregate of individuals and believed that the world is simply the product of individual actions. True    False

 

59.	According to learning theory, through imitation or modeling, a person can learn new responses, such as criminal behavior, by observing others. True    False

 

60.	Extinction is the presentation of an aversive stimulus to reduce a response. True    False

 

61.	According to conflict theorists, criminal law and the criminal justice system are used by dominant groups to control subordinate ones. True    False

 

62.	One objection to radical theory is that the radical definition of crime as the violation of human rights is too narrow and specific. True    False

 

63.	Postmodernist criminologists prefer to replace the prevailing description of the world with new conceptions, words, and phrases that convey alternative meanings, as Edwin H. Sutherland did when he introduced the concept of white-collar crime. True    False

 

64.	Name the five main assumptions of the positivist school of thought.

 

65.	Name the three body types discussed in Sheldon’s theory.

 

66.	Name the five ways according to Merton in which individuals adapt to strain.

 

67.	Define positive and negative reinforcements, and give one example of each that is related to crime.

 

68.	Discuss the main criticisms of conflict theory.

 

69.	Travis Hirschi named four characteristics of proper socialization and four reasons why delinquent behavior is likely to occur. Name three of each of these.

 

70.

Mark, a 21-year-old, grew up in a low-income neighborhood where gangs were common. He dropped out of school because it was much more lucrative to engage in criminal behavior. He was raised by a single mother; he had no siblings, just his gang members. He joined a gang and soon became involved in vandalism, car thefts, and burglaries. Which theories best explain the facts in the scenario?

 

71.

Virginia was adopted at age 2 into a middle-class family with strong ties to the community. Virginia began eating large quantities of sugar and became hyperactive in her elementary school years. She started shoplifting in her early teenage years, with each incident preceded by large amounts of soda and candy. Her family sought help for her through counseling. Later, her family discovered that Virginia had an identical twin, who was adopted by another family and was experiencing the same types of issues. It was also learned that Virginia’s biological mother had served a 10-year prison sentence for various fraud charges using stolen identities. Which theories best explain the facts in Virginia’s scenario?

 

72.

Martin was a member of a politically radical group known as the Weathermen. This group was a branch of a student society at school that advocated radical means to overthrow the government. Martin met with a group of his friends in an empty apartment building and decided to make some homemade pipe bombs to plant throughout the community. The plan included contacting a newspaper after the bombs were set off, identifying the group, and trying to convince people that the current government positions in various parts of the world were wrong. The bombs would be a way to terrorize others and bring attention to the Weathermen’s cause in hopes of changing the international policies of promoting capitalism in the name of democracy. The plan failed as Martin and his group accidentally blew themselves up. What crime theories could be applied to this scenario?

 

73.

Thomas was raised with an understanding of the fundamental differences between right and wrong. As an adult, he wasn’t making enough money to purchase a new car as quickly as he liked. He found out about a gambling pool that was running numbers illegally and decided to try it out. He weighed the consequences of getting caught and felt pretty confident that engaging in a few bets—especially with guidance of an “insider” who had information that would assist him in deciding which numbers to bet on—would bring him instant wealth. He bet on a few games with his inside information and won enough money to buy a car. However, federal authorities found out about the racket and arrested everyone involved in the gambling—including Thomas. Which theories best explain why Thomas engaged in criminal behavior?

 

 

 

Chapter 03 Test Bank Key

1.	Which of the following is a product of the Enlightenment period, or the Age of Reason, a period of history that began in the early 1500s and lasted until the late 1700s? A. classical theory   B. critical theory   C. positivist theory   D. neoclassical theory

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Classical and Neoclassical Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

2.	Several modifications of classical theory are collectively referred to as A. conflict theory.   B. radical theory.   C. positivist theory.   D. neoclassical theory.

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Classical and Neoclassical Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

3.	Which of the following best captures classical criminologists’ concept of “utility”? A. “Winning isn’t everything; it is the only thing.”   B. “the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number”   C. “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”   D. “All’s fair in love and war.”

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Level: Moderate Topic: Classical and Neoclassical Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

4.	Which of the following theories assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who are motivated by a hedonistic rationality? A. humanistic psychological theory   B. Chicago School theory   C. anomie theory   D. classical theory

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Classical and Neoclassical Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

5.	According to Cesare Beccaria, the basis of society, as well as the origin of punishments and the right to punish, is A. the Mayflower Compact.   B. specific deterrence.   C. general deterrence.   D. the social contract.

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Classical and Neoclassical Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

6.

Cesare Beccaria recommended six ways to prevent crime. Which of the following does NOT belong? A. Educate the public.   B. Determine the physiological causes of crime.   C. Enact laws that are clear, simple, and unbiased, and that reflect the consensus of the population.   D. Eliminate corruption from the administration of justice.

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Level: Moderate Topic: Classical and Neoclassical Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

7.	Which of the following theories was an explicit rejection of the critical and “negative” philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers? A. classical theory   B. radical theory   C. positivist theory   D. neoclassical theory

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

8.

Which of the following is a general criticism of positivism? A. Positivistic theories generally account for too much crime, and, at the same time, they have difficulty explaining exceptions.   B. Positivistic theories generally ignore the criminalization process.   C. Positivistic theories generally ignore the multitude of fundamental conflicts of value and interest in society.   D. All the answers are correct.

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis Level: Moderate Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

9.	Which of the following scientists suggested that some people were “less highly evolved or developed than others” and that some people “were nearer their apelike ancestors than others in traits, abilities, and dispositions”? A. Charles Darwin   B. Sigmund Freud   C. Émile Durkheim   D. Alida Merlo

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

10.	Which of the following theories is based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from noncriminals? A. classical theory   B. biological positivism   C. psychological positivism   D. sociological positivism

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

11.	Who argued that criminals are, by birth, a distinct type, and that this type can be recognized by physical characteristics or stigmata such as enormous jaws, high cheekbones, insensitivity to pain, etc.? A. Cesare Beccaria   B. Johann Caspar Lavater   C. Cesare Lombroso   D. William Sheldon

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

12.	What did Cesare Lombroso call a person predisposed to crime? A. a stigmata   B. an atavist   C. a criminaloid   D. a psychopath

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

13.	Which of the following theorists is associated with body-type theory? A. William Sheldon   B. Cesare Lombroso   C. Johan Caspar Lavater   D. Joseph Gall

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

14.	According to body-type theory, an athletically built individual would be classified under the ________ body type. A. mesomorphic   B. heteromorphic   C. endomorphic   D. ectomorphic

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

15.	Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of methods used in heredity studies? A. somatotype studies   B. family tree studies   C. twin studies   D. statistical comparisons

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis Level: Difficult Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

16.	Low levels of the brain neurotransmitter ________ have been found in impulsive murderers and arsonists. A. dopamine   B. norepinephrine   C. testosterone   D. serotonin

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

17.	With whom are psychoanalytic theories of crime causation associated? A. Sigmund Freud   B. Cesare Lombroso   C. William Sheldon   D. H. H. Goddard

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

18.

Which of the following is NOT a problem with psychotherapy? A. It rests on faith; much of its theoretical structure is scientifically untestable.   B. The emphasis in psychotherapy as an approach to rehabilitation is on the individual offender and not on the individual offender in interaction with the environment in which the criminal behavior occurs.   C. The behaviors that are treated in psychotherapy are not criminal; they are deep-seated problems.   D. Psychotherapy fails to make use of a variety of projective tests, dream interpretation, and free association.

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis Level: Difficult Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

19.	From whose theory can it be inferred that crime may be a means by which individuals satisfy their basic human needs? A. Sigmund Freud   B. Alfred Adler   C. Abraham Maslow   D. Seymour Halleck

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

20.

Which of the following theorists maintains that criminal behavior sometimes is chosen as an adaptation over other possible alternatives because it offers gratifications or psychological advantages that could not be achieved otherwise? A. Sigmund Freud   B. Alfred Adler   C. Abraham Maslow   D. Seymour L. Halleck

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

21.

There are at least three crime policy implications of Seymour Halleck’s humanistic psychological theory. Which of the following is NOT one of the three policy implications listed in your textbook? A. Sources of social oppression should be eliminated wherever possible.   B. Psychotherapy should be provided for subjective oppressions.   C. Psychoactive drugs should be provided as part of the psychotherapy process.   D. Alternative legal ways of coping with oppression should be provided.

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis Level: Difficult Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

22.	Who among the following theorists advocated containing crime within reasonable boundaries? A. Émile Durkheim   B. Abraham Maslow   C. William Sheldon   D. Sigmund Freud

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

23.	For Émile Durkheim, the cause of crime is ________, that is, the dissociation of the individual from the ________. A. anomie; collective conscience   B. sui generis; collective conscience   C. sociopathy; sui generis   D. sui generis; anomie

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

24.

In the context of anomie theory, which of the following statements is true of ritualists? A. They are not willing to settle for less wealth.   B. They do not follow legitimate institutional means.   C. They actively pursue the cultural goal of wealth.   D. They are usually members of the lower middle class.

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Level: Moderate Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

25.	The research of the Chicago School was based on a model taken from A. chemistry.   B. ecology.   C. history.   D. sociology.

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

26.

For Chicago theorists, social disorganization is defined by several characteristics. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of social disorganization? A. There is little encouragement, training, or opportunity for legitimate employment.   B. The usual controls over delinquents are largely absent.   C. There are many opportunities for delinquent behavior.   D. There is an absence of gangs and gang-related delinquency.

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis Level: Difficult Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

27.	According to Robert K. Merton, ________ pursue the cultural goal of wealth only through legitimate institutional means. A. rebels   B. ritualists   C. conformers   D. innovators

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

28.	According to Robert K. Merton, ________ do not actively pursue the cultural goal of wealth (they are willing to settle for less) but follow the legitimate institutional means anyway. A. rebels   B. ritualists   C. conformers   D. innovators

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

29.	According to Robert K. Merton, ________ pursue the cultural goal of wealth through illegitimate means. A. rebels   B. ritualists   C. conformers   D. innovators

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

30.

According to Albert K. Cohen, what is the cause of anomie experienced by juveniles? A. the inability to achieve status among peers by socially acceptable means   B. the social structure’s inability to provide legitimate institutional means of achieving the goal of wealth   C. the usual controls over them being largely absent   D. their dissociation from the collective conscience

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis Level: Difficult Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

31.	Cloward and Ohlin named three types of delinquent subcultures. Which of the following is NOT one of them? A. the ritualist   B. the violent   C. the retreatist   D. the criminal

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

32.	Edwin H. Sutherland’s ________ states that persons who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal definitions and isolation from noncriminal definitions.   A. differential association theory   B. anomie (or strain) theory   C. learning theory   D. social control theory

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

33.

Edwin H. Sutherland’s theory that a person who becomes a criminal does so because of his or her contact with criminal definitions and isolation from anticriminal definitions is known as A. collective conscience.   B. social disorganization.   C. differential social organization.   D. differential association.

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

34.

Which of the following theorists modified Edwin H. Sutherland’s theory by introducing role theory and arguing that criminal behavior could be learned by identifying with criminal roles and not just by associating with criminals? A. C. Ray Jeffery   B. Daniel Glaser   C. B. F. Skinner   D. H. H. Goddard

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

35.	What do learning theorists call the presentation of a stimulus that increases or maintains a response? A. positive reinforcement   B. negative reinforcement   C. extinction   D. punishment

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

36.

Your textbook states four general ways in which punishment can be administered effectively according to learning theory. Which of the following is NOT one of them? A. Punishment must be combined with the positive reinforcement of alternative, prosocial behaviors.   B. Punishment must be applied consistently and immediately.   C. Punishment must include fines or some kind of restitution.   D. Punishment must be combined with extinction.

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis Level: Difficult Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

37.	From the perspective of ________, people are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so. A. learning theory   B. differential association theory   C. role theory   D. social control theory

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

38.	Which of the following is the commission of crime subsequent to the first criminal act and the acceptance of a criminal label? A. atavism   B. secondary deviance   C. anomie   D. primary deviance

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Level: Basic Topic: Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

39.	Which of the following is the focus of labeling theory? A. the ways in which criminals are different from noncriminals   B. the competition among individuals belonging to various interest groups   C. the way people and actions are defined as criminal   D. the peculiarities of the criminal actor

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Level: Moderate Topic: Critical Approaches to Explaining Crime

 

40.	For which of the following theories is reintegrative shaming a policy implication? A. labeling theory   B. radical theory   C. British or left realism   D. peacemaking criminology

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Level: Moderate Topic: Critical Approaches to Explaining Crime