Introduction to Criminal Justice 13th International Edition by Siegel – Test Bank
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Sample Test
Chapter 3—Understanding Crime and Victimization
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. According
to the principles of choice theory, in order for punishment to most effectively
deter crime, it must the following three conditions:
|
a. |
Swift, satisfactory and certain |
|
b. |
Severe, certain and punitive |
|
c. |
Severe, certain and swift |
|
d. |
Intense, lasting and cumulative |
ANS: C
REF:
p. 96
OBJ: 1
2. The
idea that a potential criminal would fear punishment because they know of
someone else who was punished is referred to as:
|
a. |
General deterrence |
|
b. |
Specific deterrence |
|
c. |
Environmental deterrence |
|
d. |
Situational crime prevention |
ANS:
A
REF:
p. 96
OBJ: 2
3. Situational
crime prevention falls under _____ theory.
|
a. |
Psychological |
|
b. |
Choice |
|
c. |
Sociobiological |
|
d. |
Developmental |
ANS:
B
REF:
p. 95
OBJ: 2
4. Which
philosophy of punishment advocates severely punishing an offender in an attempt
to convince him to permanently cease committing criminal acts?
|
a. |
Specific deterrence |
|
b. |
Rehabilitation |
|
c. |
Incapacitation |
|
d. |
General deterrence |
ANS:
A
REF:
p. 97
OBJ: 2
5. Which
of the following is not a
criticism of specific deterrence?
|
a. |
Specific deterrence assumes a rational
criminal who learns from experience. |
|
b. |
A vast majority of offenders have heavy
substance abuse problems, making successful readjustment to society
difficult. |
|
c. |
Criminals who are punished may believe
that the likelihood of getting caught again for the same crime is remote. |
|
d. |
The crime rate has dropped dramatically
during the past decade while the prison population has grown, indicating at
least some relationship between crime rates and incarceration rates. |
ANS: D
REF:
p. 97
OBJ: 2
6. Target
hardening techniques are examples of which type of situational crime prevention
tactic?
|
a. |
Increasing the effort needed to commit
the crime |
|
b. |
Increasing the risks of committing the
crime |
|
c. |
Reducing the rewards for committing the
crime |
|
d. |
Inducing guilt or shame over the crime |
ANS:
A
REF:
p. 97
OBJ: 2
7. Putting
up large signs indicating that trash must be either thrown away or recycled and
placing bins to dump or recycle throughout a park is which type of situational
crime prevention tactic?
|
a. |
Increase the risks |
|
b. |
Reduce provocation |
|
c. |
Remove excuses |
|
d. |
Induce shame or guilt |
ANS: C
REF:
p. 97
OBJ: 2
8. _________
theory considers crime a product of transitional neighborhoods that manifest
value conflict.
|
a. |
Social disorganization |
|
b. |
Social learning |
|
c. |
Strain |
|
d. |
Choice |
ANS: A
REF:
p. 108
OBJ: 6
9. __________
theory focuses on a person’s bonds to society as a factor in preventing crime.
|
a. |
Social learning |
|
b. |
Social disorganization |
|
c. |
Choice |
|
d. |
Social control |
ANS: D
REF:
p. 114
OBJ: 7
10.
Which theory is interested in the question of the link between
the media and violence?
|
a. |
Life course theory |
|
b. |
Social control theory |
|
c. |
Psychodynamic theory |
|
d. |
Behavioral theory |
ANS:
D
PTS:
REF: p. 102
OBJ: 4
11.
______ theory believes that law violators may have suffered
damage to their personalities early in their development that renders them
powerless to control their impulses.
|
a. |
Psychodynamic |
|
b. |
Life course |
|
c. |
Developmental |
|
d. |
Sociobiological |
ANS:
A
REF:
p. 102
OBJ: 4
12.
According to social learning theory, people become violent
because they:
|
a. |
Model their behavior after others and
have that behavior positively reinforced |
|
b. |
Are born with a predisposition towards
violence due to their genetics |
|
c. |
Suffer damage to their egos and
superegos at an early age |
|
d. |
Have a mental disorder or illness |
ANS:
A
REF:
p. 113
OBJ: 4
13.
Consideration of IQ and attachment are a part of what type of
theory?
|
a. |
Psychological theory |
|
b. |
Sociological theory |
|
c. |
Sociobiological theory |
|
d. |
Choice theory |
ANS: A
REF:
p. 102
OBJ: 4
14.
Crime is believed to be a product of transitional neighborhoods
that manifest value conflict according ________ theory.
|
a. |
Psychoanalytic |
|
b. |
Social control |
|
c. |
Social disorganization |
|
d. |
Social learning |
ANS:
C
REF:
p. 108
OBJ: 6
15.
What has criminological research found regarding the antisocial
personality?
|
a. |
An estimated 15 to 25 percent of all
prison inmates can be classified as antisocial personality. |
|
b. |
The majority of all prisoners can be
classified as antisocial personality. |
|
c. |
Most offenders are classified as
sociopathic, rather than as antisocial personality. |
|
d. |
The antisocial personality is a myth
with no support found for its existence in the research. |
ANS:
A
REF:
p. 104
OBJ: 5
16.
The differences in the crime rate that exist across regions,
states, or neighborhoods are a principal concern of __________ theory.
|
a. |
Biological |
|
b. |
Psychological |
|
c. |
Sociological |
|
d. |
Developmental |
ANS:
C
REF:
p. 107
OBJ: 6
17.
A subculture occurs in disorganized neighborhoods marked by
apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and distrust which is passed from one
generation to the next, creating a permanent underclass. This subculture is
called:
|
a. |
Focal concerns |
|
b. |
Collective efficacy |
|
c. |
The culture of poverty |
|
d. |
The truly disadvantaged |
ANS: C
REF:
p. 109
OBJ: 6
18.
______ theory suggests that some people adopt the goals of
society but lack the means to attain them and will therefore seek alternatives,
such as crime.
|
a. |
Strain theory |
|
b. |
Social learning theory |
|
c. |
Differential association theory |
|
d. |
Self-control theory |
ANS:
A
REF:
p. 109
OBJ: 6
19.
Which of the following was not one of the models of
adaptation that Robert Merton produced as part of his explanation of how anomie
can lead to crime?
|
a. |
Innovation |
|
b. |
Rebellion |
|
c. |
Retreatism |
|
d. |
Toughness |
ANS:
D
REF:
p. 109
OBJ: 6
20.
Which of the following was not one of the elements of the social
bond that Travis Hirschi elaborated in his development of social control
theory?
|
a. |
Belief |
|
b. |
Attachment |
|
c. |
Commitment |
|
d. |
Socialization |
ANS:
D
REF:
p. 114
OBJ: 7
21.
The use of illegal means to achieve success in the absence of
legitimate means is an example of ______ in Merton’s theory of anomie.
|
a. |
Innovation |
|
b. |
Retreatism |
|
c. |
Rebellion |
|
d. |
Conformity |
ANS:
A
REF:
p. 109
OBJ: 7
22.
__________ view crime as a result of the rich and powerful’s
imposition of their own moral standards and economic interests on the rest of
society.
|
a. |
Social control theorists |
|
b. |
Critical criminologists |
|
c. |
Latent trait theorists |
|
d. |
Social learning theorists |
ANS:
B
REF:
p. 116
OBJ: 8
23.
______ theory is not a
type of developmental theory.
|
a. |
Age-graded |
|
b. |
Life course |
|
c. |
Latent trait |
|
d. |
Social strain |
ANS: D
REF:
p. 118
OBJ: 9
24.
According to the views of latent trait theory, fluctuations in
offending rates are a result of:
|
a. |
Varying criminal opportunities |
|
b. |
Varying diet and mineral intake |
|
c. |
Changes in the social bond |
|
d. |
Changes in one’s propensity to commit
crime |
ANS:
A
REF:
p. 119
OBJ: 9
25.
The general theory of crime suggests that differences between
individuals in the tendency to commit criminal acts stems from:
|
a. |
The level of relative deprivation in
their immediate environment |
|
b. |
Their level of self-control |
|
c. |
The perceived value of social injustice
in the community |
|
d. |
Their tolerance for social strain |
ANS: B
REF:
p. 119
OBJ: 9
26.
According to Sampson and Laub, what are the two most critical
turning points in a criminal career?
|
a. |
Marriage and employment |
|
b. |
Employment and imprisonment |
|
c. |
Children and imprisonment |
|
d. |
Victimization and social bonds |
ANS:
A
REF:
p. 119
OBJ: 9
27.
The active or passive “encouragement” of criminal activity is
often referred to as:
|
a. |
Latent trait activation |
|
b. |
Victim precipitation |
|
c. |
Lifestyle theory |
|
d. |
Cognitive abuse of the victim |
ANS:
B
REF:
p. 123
OBJ: 10
28.
According to lifestyle theories, who is least likely to
be a victim of crime?
|
a. |
Someone who lives in a high-crime area |
|
b. |
Someone who spends time in public
places |
|
c. |
Someone who goes out late at night |
|
d. |
Someone who is married and stays home
at night |
ANS:
D
REF:
p. 123
OBJ: 10
29.
What does lifestyle theory posit about victimization?
|
a. |
The victim invariably precipitates
their own victimization |
|
b. |
Victimization is a function of social
strain and precipitation |
|
c. |
Crime is not a random event and the
probability of a crime occurring is dependent on the activities of the victim |
|
d. |
Victims are just as likely to become
offenders as offenders are to become victims |
ANS:
C
REF:
p. 123
OBJ: 10
30.
Which of the following is not one of the three factors
linked to predatory crime rates in routine activities theory?
|
a. |
Supply of motivated offenders |
|
b. |
Supply of suitable targets |
|
c. |
Absence of effective guardians for
protection |
|
d. |
Extent of relative social deprivation |
ANS: D
REF:
p. 124
OBJ: 10
TRUE/FALSE
1. The
field of criminology is not concerned with the control of criminal behavior,
only its causes.
ANS:
F
REF:
p. 90
OBJ: 1
2. Choice
theory is not applicable to violent crime as violent offenders do not exhibit
elements of rationality.
ANS:
F
REF:
p. 91-92
OBJ: 1
3. Target
hardening techniques are one element of situational crime prevention.
ANS:
T
REF:
p. 95
OBJ: 2
4. In
recent years there has been increased interest in the biology of crime,
including biochemical, neurological, evolutionary, and genetic concerns.
ANS:
T
REF:
p. 98
OBJ: 3
5. 80
percent of serious reported crimes do not result in an arrest.
ANS:
T
REF:
p. 96
OBJ: 1
6. Research
shows that youths with ADHD who grow up in a dysfunctional family are the most
vulnerable to chronic delinquency that continues into their adulthood.
ANS:
F
REF:
p. 101
OBJ: 4
7. There
is a well-established scientific link between low IQ score and increased
criminal involvement.
ANS:
F
REF:
p. 106
OBJ: 4
8. Disinhibition
is when adults are viewed as being rewarded for violence and when violence is
seen as socially acceptable.
ANS:
T
REF:
p. 103
OBJ: 4
9. According
to Hirschi’s social control theory, belief is a key element of the social bond.
ANS:
T
REF:
p. 114
OBJ: 7
10.
The lack of capable guardians is a cornerstone of routine
activities theory.
ANS:
T
REF:
p. 124
OBJ: 10
COMPLETION
1. ____________________
is a crime control approach that seeks to instill fear of criminal penalties in
the public.
ANS: General deterrence
REF: p.
96
OBJ:
2
2. The
terms “psychopath” and “sociopath” are commonly used to describe people who
have a(n) ___________.
ANS: antisocial personality
REF: p. 103-104
OBJ: 5
3. The
concept of ____________________ refers to the absence or weakness of rules and
social norms (normlessness) in any person or group.
ANS: anomie
REF: p.
114
OBJ:
6
4. The
concept of ____________________ refers to the frustration and inner conflict
experienced by people who believe that they cannot achieve their desires and
goals through legitimate means.
ANS: strain
REF: p.
107
OBJ:
6
5. There
are three independent views regarding how an antisocial personality develops:
arousal level, brain dysfunction, and __________.
ANS: socialization
REF: p.
103
OBJ:
6
6. According
to social control theory, playing high school sports is an example of the
____________________ element of the social bond.
ANS: involvement
REF: p.
114
OBJ:
7
7. According
to labeling theorists, the use of social or physical restraints such as
handcuffs, incarceration, or a criminal record are examples of
____________________ ceremonies, believed to leave a lasting impression on the
accused.
ANS: degradation
REF: p.
115
OBJ:
7
8. In
cohesive communities, _________ may develop which is a mutual trust, a
willingness to intervene in the supervision of children, and the maintenance of
public order.
ANS: collective efficacy
REF: p.
108
OBJ:
6
9. ____________________
theory views criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by a variety of
individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences.
ANS: Life course
REF: p.
120
OBJ:
9
10.
According to Laub and Samson, “turning points” allow people to
build ____________________, the positive relations with individuals and
institutions that contribute to success.
ANS: social capital
REF: p.
121
OBJ:
9
ESSAY
1. Discuss
choice theory, including the types of deterrence and role of situational crime
prevention.
ANS: Answer not provided.
REF: p.
91-97 OBJ: 1 | 2
2. Apply
the six tactics of situational crime prevention to a contemporary crime
problem.
ANS: Answer not provided.
REF: p.
91-97 OBJ: 2
3. Discuss
the tenets of sociobiological theory using two contemporary examples of its
application.
ANS: Answer not provided.
REF: p. 98-101
OBJ: 3
4. Discuss
the various psychological theories and the advantages and disadvantages of
each.
ANS: Answer not provided.
REF: p. 102-106
OBJ: 4
5. Pick
one sociological theory to explain the disproportionate incarceration of
lower-class minorities.
ANS: Answer not provided.
REF: p. 107-116 OBJ:
6 | 7
6. Pick
one sociological theory to explain gang-related violence.
ANS: Answer not provided.
REF: p. 107-116
OBJ: 6 | 7
7. Using
two specific examples, describe social control theory and the role of social
bonds in preventing crime.
ANS: Answer not provided.
REF: p. 114-115
OBJ: 7
8. Use
labeling theory to explain why laws that notify the public regarding the
whereabouts of sex offenders might actually increase recidivism.
ANS: Answer not provided.
REF: p. 115-116 OBJ:
7
9. Elaborate
the tenets of the theory you believe has the most power in explaining the
widest variety of criminal activity. Defend your position.
ANS: Answer not provided.
REF: p.
open
OBJ: open
10.
Explain predatory crime by applying routine activities theory.
ANS: Answer not provided.
REF: p.
124
OBJ:
10
Chapter 5—Police in Society: History and Contemporary Structure
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What
arrangement in early English society required that every person in a village be
responsible for protecting the settlement from thieves?
|
a. |
The runner system |
|
b. |
Community policing |
|
c. |
The pledge system |
|
d. |
The watch system |
ANS:
C
REF:
p. 170
OBJ: 1
2. The
_____ was created in 1326 under the watch system of policing to assist
the shire reeve in controlling the county?
|
a. |
Deputy position |
|
b. |
Constable position |
|
c. |
Bobbie position |
|
d. |
Justice of the peace |
ANS:
D
REF:
p. 174
OBJ: 1
3. What
was the name of the organized private police that patrolled 18th century
England?
|
a. |
Constables |
|
b. |
Shire reeves |
|
c. |
Bobbies |
|
d. |
Thief takers |
ANS: D
REF:
p. 171
OBJ: 1
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