Introducing Communication Theory Analysis and Application Richard West 6th Edition- Test Bank
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Sample Test
Chapter 03
Thinking about Theory and Research
Multiple Choice Questions
1. All
of the following have been identified as goals of theory EXCEPT
A.explanation
B. understanding
C. reviewing
D. social change
2. The
scientific method follows
A.deductive
logic
B. interpretive logic
C. inductive logic
D. lawlike logic
3. Theory
is defined as a(n) _____ system of _____ with indications of the _____ among
these concepts that help us to understand a phenomenon.
A.important; relationships; utility
B. abstract;
concepts; relationships
C. interesting; variables; utility
D. abstract; relationships; utility
4. Who
among the following suggested that theory “is like a map for exploring
unexplored territories”?
5. Stephen
Littlejohn and Karen Foss
6. William
Doherty and his colleagues
7. Jonathan
H. Turner
8. Donald
Stacks and Michael Salwen
5. _____
are observable, such as text messages or spatial distance.
6. Nominal
concepts
7. Real
concepts
8. Interpretive
concepts
9. Probabilistic
concepts
6. Rhetorical
theories, some media theories, and many interpersonal theories
7. simply
improve individual lives
8. aim
to change the structures of society
9. focus
on prediction and extrapolation
10.
seek primarily to provide explanation or understanding
7. Which
of the following is true of the critical approach to how researchers think and
talk about the world?
8. The
critical researcher believes that values are relevant in the study of
communication.
9. Critical
researchers strive to be objective and work for control or direction over
important concepts.
10.
Critical researchers feel that it is important to change the
status quo to resolve power imbalances.
11.
The critical researcher carefully structures a situation so that
only one element in his or her research varies in order to study it.
8. In
the context of the covering law approach, which of the following is a
definition of cause?
9. It is
an antecedent condition that determines an effect.
10.
It is a testable prediction of relationships between concepts.
11.
It is an activity based on intentional choice responses.
12.
It is a condition that inevitably follows a causative condition.
9. Andrew
and his elder sister Susan are watching television. Andrew wants to please
Susan, hoping it will encourage her to buy him a skateboard for Christmas. He
tunes in to the channel that she likes even though he hates its shows.
According to James Lull, which of the following rules did Andrew adopt?
10.
parametric rules
11.
peer rules
12.
tactical rules
13.
habitual rules
10.
In the context of the systems approach, which of the following
is true of the wholeness concept?
11.
It means that the behaviors of system members co-construct the
system, and all members are affected by shifts and changes in the system.
12.
It involves elements that generally shift and change over time.
13.
It states that a system cannot be fully comprehended by a study
of its individual parts in isolation from one another.
14.
It periodically checks the scale of allowable behaviors and
resets the system.
11.
In the _____ to creating theory, communication behavior is
believed to be governed by forces that are predictable and generalizable.
A.rules approach
B. systems approach
C. covering
law approach
D. inductive approach
12.
When a theory’s explanations make sense and do not appear to
contradict each other, the theory is said to have
A.good scope
B. logical
consistency
C. heuristic appeal
D. utility
13.
Rules theorists view our behavior as being restricted by all of
the following conditions EXCEPT
A.the choices of others
B. the previous choices we have made
C. cultural and social conditions
D. economic
conditions
14.
At Westco Inc., a mission statement is presented to all new
employees promoting its philosophy. It states that all departments should
insist on quality performance from one another for the success of the company
as a unit. When one unit fails, others will suffer. Which of the following
systems approach elements is being promoted in this mission statement?
A.hierarchy
B. boundaries/openness
C. interdependence
D. equifinality
15.
The McAllister family has a rule that there will be no
television viewing after eight o’clock on school nights. Which of Lull’s rules
governing television viewing is represented by this rule?
A.tactical rules
B. habitual
rules
C. parametric rules
D. authoritative rules
16.
_____ addresses questions about the role of values in the
research process.
A.Axiology
B. Epistemology
C. Ontology
D. Astrology
17.
In which of the following statements is the criterion of
parsimony most accurately described?
A.Parsimony requires that theories contain as many concepts as possible.
B. Parsimony requires that a theory’s explanations be simplistic.
C. Parsimony requires consistent explanations and clear assumptions.
D. Parsimony
requires simplicity without sacrificing completeness.
18.
_____ focuses on questions about the nature of reality and what
we should be studying.
A.Axiology
B. Ontology
C. Metatheology
D. Epistemology
19.
When scientists have disagreements about how we go about knowing
things and what counts as knowledge, there is a disagreement about
A.axiology
B. heurism
C. testability
D. epistemology
20.
In _____, the focus is on generating knowledge and theory for
its own sake.
A.pure
research
B. applied research
C. theoretical research
D. axiological research
21.
Converting raw data into a category system, such as when a
researcher analyzes newspaper coverage of an event by quantifying and
classifying the various topics covered in the articles into categories, is
called
A.coding
B. triangulation
C. textual analysis
D. operationalization
22.
A researcher who has no concern for issues of control or the
ability to generalize, instead choosing to focus on providing rich descriptions
would be following the _____ to knowing things.
A.positivistic/empirical approach
B. interpretive
approach
C. critical approach
D. scientific approach
23.
Researchers are concerned with the extent to which they are
actually measuring the true variable of interest, such as whether the standard
IQ test is really capturing an individual’s intelligence. This concern is about
A.coding
B. testability
C. validity
D. experimentation
True/False Questions
24.
Reliability is the opposite of validity.
FALSE
25.
Homeostatic systems stay the same over a period of time.
TRUE
26.
Most social science researchers do not seek covering law
explanations. Instead, they may seek “probabilistic” statements that can be
said to have a certain degree of probability.
TRUE
27.
All of us in daily life think like researchers, using implicit,
naïve theories to help us understand behavior.
TRUE
28.
Nominal concepts are concepts that are observable.
FALSE
29.
Ontology is sometimes called the first philosophy.
TRUE
30.
When considering the role and influence of values in scholarly
research, our authors argue that it is realistic to expect that research will
always be value free.
FALSE
31.
Concepts are words or terms that label the most important
elements in a theory.
TRUE
32.
According to Wallace’s theory, most researchers tend to strictly
adhere to either deductive or inductive logic but never use both.
FALSE
33.
Some critical theorists, such as Stuart Hall, argue that power
imbalances are not always the result of intentional strategies on the part of
the powerful but may instead be accidentally reproduced.
TRUE
Essay Questions
34.
Describe the elements of the systems approach. Provide a
real-life example of a system by applying each of the elements in your description.
Answers will vary.
35.
Explain the difference between ontology, epistemology, and
axiology. Write an original question to illustrate your understanding of each
of these approaches.
Answers will vary.
36.
Explain the definition of theory. Do you agree with this
definition? Are there ideas or concepts you would like to add or take away from
this definition?
Answers will vary.
37.
Differentiate between the positivistic, interpretive, and
critical approaches to conducting research. Identify the paradigm that you
think best describes your approach to research. Explain why you chose this
approach.
Answers will vary.
38.
Select the three criteria for evaluating communication theory
that you deem most important. For each one, provide a definition, an explanation
of what that criterion entails, and an argument as to why you believe it is
among the most important criteria for evaluating communication theory.
Answers will vary.
Chapter 05
Coordinated Management of Meaning
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which
of the following is true of Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM)?
A.It
focuses on how individuals establish rules for creating and interpreting
meaning.
B. It focuses on the linear nature of communication and its influences.
C. It focuses on the effects of conflict in relationships.
D. All of the answers are correct.
2. Which
of the following statements is associated with interpersonal meaning?
A.”We are acting according to the same rules.”
B. “We
agree with each other’s interpretations.”
C. “We have experienced this before.”
D. “We are experiencing conflict because of differing rules.”
3. As we
listen to another person in a conversation, we are categorizing the symbols and
beginning to make sense of them. In the hierarchy of meaning, which level does
this process of converting raw data into meaning refer to?
A.speech act
B. content
C. contract
D. episode
4. Which
of the following is true of rules in the context of Coordinated Management of
Meaning?
A.Rules are not necessarily linked to time, place, relationship, and
self-concept.
B. Rules are independent of context, and context is a homogeneous
environment.
C. Rule usage in a conversation is less significant than an ability to use
a rule.
D. Rules
provide people opportunities to choose between alternatives.
5. The
_____ level of meaning provides guidelines for behavior in a relationship.
A.episode
B. mediator
C. relational
D. coordination
6. U.S.
culture, according to Myron Lustig and Jolene Koester, puts a premium on
A.materialism
B. collectivism
C. socialism
D. individualism
7. Which
of the following is NOT an assumption governing Coordinated Management of
Meaning?
A.Human beings live in communication.
B. Human beings co-create a social reality.
C. Information transactions depend on personal and interpersonal meaning.
D. Group
interpretation is more influential than interpersonal meaning.
8. Punctuate
is to episode as _____ is to relationship.
A.raw data
B. content level
C. enmeshment
D. None of the answers is correct.
9. Pat
and Chris frequently experience conflicts about how to spend their weekends.
When Pat suggests something that Chris believes to be a waste of time and
money, he feels as though he has no choice but to protest against it. These
conflicts are an example of
A.a sustained speech act
B. a co-created script
C. an
unwanted repetitive pattern
D. individualism
10.
Coordinated Management of Meaning is associated with the work of
A.George Herbert Mead
B. Gulifor and Bryant
C. Pearce
and Cronen
D. Longo and Frank
11.
Over the years, Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) has been
investigated using multiple approaches to knowing. Earlier research with CMM
primarily used _____ approaches.
A.interpretive
B. critical
C. practical
D. empirical
12.
For Coordinated Management of Meaning theorists, the stories,
symbols, and images that people use to make sense of their world are defined as
A.rules
B. resources
C. foundation for behaviors
D. raw data
13.
_____ are at the top of the hierarchy of organized meaning and
help us to interpret lower-level meanings.
A.Cultural
patterns
B. Life scripts
C. Speech acts
D. Episodes
14.
Coordinated Management of Meaning has been criticized for
A.being
too abstract
B. not being useful
C. being too simple
D. None of the answers is correct.
15.
Coordinated Management of Meaning is primarily related to the
_____ communication contexts.
A.small group and interpersonal
B. critical and intrapersonal
C. intrapersonal
and interpersonal
D. public and rhetorical
16.
All of the following are communication traditions to which
Coordinated Management of Meaning is related EXCEPT
A.socio-cultural communication tradition
B. phenomenological communication tradition
C. cybernetic communication tradition
D. socio-psychological
tradition
17.
Charmed loops occur when
A.one
part of the hierarchy supports another level
B. the rules of meaning change within the loop
C. two people get along and understand each other
D. there is similarity in two people’s rules
18.
To describe life experiences, Pearce and Cronen (1980) use the
metaphor _____.
19.
“social worlds”
20.
“substance of human community”
21.
“undirected theater”
22.
“performative platform”
19.
_____ refers to a person’s beliefs about how meaning and action
fit within an interpersonal interaction.
20.
Enmeshment
21.
Social reality
22.
Personal meaning
23.
Speculation
20.
_____ is the notion that the interests of a group are put before
the interests of an individual.
21.
Collectivism
22.
Speculation
23.
Coordination
24.
Parsimony
True/False Questions
21.
According to Coordinated Management of Meaning, rules help us
not only in our communication with others but also in our interpretation of
what others are communicating to us.
TRUE
22.
When two people agree on each other’s interpretations, they are
said to achieve interpersonal meaning.
TRUE
23.
Coordination is influenced by gender and age.
FALSE
24.
An example of a regulative rule is when one person tells another
person that “honesty is the best policy.”
FALSE
25.
Life scripts are determined for us when we are born.
FALSE
26.
Regulative rules are guidelines for an individual’s behavior.
TRUE
27.
Social constructivists believe that people co-construct their
social reality in conversations.
TRUE
28.
Charmed loops often result in a vicious cycle.
FALSE
29.
Relationships are like contracts, which set guidelines and often
prescribe behavior.
TRUE
30.
Life scripts can be thought of as autobiographies that
communicate with one’s sense of self.
TRUE
Essay Questions
31.
Provide an example of a speech act, a contract, and a life
script.
Answers will vary.
32.
Compare and contrast personal meaning and interpersonal meaning.
Answers will vary.
33.
Define constitutive rules and regulative rules, and explain how
they influence the coordination of meaning.
Answers will vary.
34.
Do you agree that “humans co-create a social reality”? Why or
why not?
Answers will vary.
35.
Using the standard criteria for evaluating communication theory,
evaluate Coordinated Management of Meaning.
Answers will vary.
36.
Compare and contrast Coordinated Management of Meaning and
Symbolic Interactionism. Is there a relationship between these two theories? Do
they stand in opposition to each other, or do they peacefully coexist?
Answers will vary.
37.
Define and explain what unwanted repetitive patterns are, and
discuss the various reasons why two relational partners may continue to engage
in them.
Answers will vary.
38.
Develop a study one could use to test Coordinated Management of
Meaning. What questions would you attempt to answer? What methods would you
use? Why?
Answers will vary.
39.
List and define the components of the hierarchy of meaning in
the correct order, and explain how they are related to each other.
Answers will vary.
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