Intercultural Communication in Contexts Judith Martin 7th Edition- Test Bank
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CHAPTER 3
CULTURE, COMMUNICATION, CONTEXT, AND POWER
MULTIPLECHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The
learned pattern of perception, values, and behaviors shared by a group of
people is known as _____.
2. stereotyping
3. perception
4. culture
5. heterogeneity
Ans: c
2. The
ways in which a culture judges good or bad, or right or wrong are often
determined by _____.
3. stereotypes
4. values
5. perceptions
6. beliefs
Ans: b
3. Collectively,
the values and perceptions of a cultural group represent its _____.
4. worldview
5. history
6. communication
patterns
7. beliefs
Ans: a
4. White
Americans think that there is greater equality between races than do African
Americans. This difference between cultural groups illustrates that _____.
5. culture
is a group-related perception
6. culture
is expressed as behavior
7. culture
is dynamic
8. culture
involves power
Ans: a
5. The
idea that not all members of a particular group will behave or think in the
same way illustrates that _____.
6. culture
is shared
7. culture
is expressed as behavior
8. culture
is heterogeneous
9. culture
involves power
Ans: c
6. Many
Native American students are soft spoken and hesitate to participate in
classroom discussions. Amy, however, is a Native American who actively
participates in class and often asks questions to her instructors. Amy’s
behavior illustrates that _____.
7. culture
is shared
8. culture
is expressed as behavior
9. culture
is dynamic
10.
culture is heterogeneous
Ans: d
7. The symbolic
process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed is
known as_____.
8. culture
9. power
10.
communication
11.
language
Ans: c
8. The
fact that Berta uses her chininstead of her finger to point at an object across
the room illustrates that communication is _____.
9. dynamic
10.
unintentional
11.
receiver oriented
12.
symbolic
Ans: d
9. An
“easy” class or quiz can mean different things to different people. This
illustrates that communication is:
10.
sharing and negotiating meaning.
11.
unintentional.
12.
receiver oriented.
13.
symbolic.
Ans: a
10.
The idea that we are constantly sending and receiving messages
which may change midstream illustrates that communication is _____.
11.
sharing and negotiating meaning
12.
unintentional
13.
dynamic
14.
symbolic
Ans: c
11.
Jeff accidentally insulted the parents of his roommate Mohammed
by putting his feet up on the desk when they were visiting their dorm room.
Jeff’s behavior (and subsequent apology) illustrates that communication can be
_____.
12.
dynamic
13.
unintentional
14.
receiver oriented
15.
symbolic
Ans: b
12.
Daniel offended a classmate by trying to help her with her
books. She told him he was sexist and that he should quit patronizing her. In
trying to be helpful, Daniel has illustrated that communication is _____.
13.
sharing and negotiating meaning
14.
unintentional
15.
receiver oriented
16.
dynamic
Ans: c
13.
Societies that are more likely to punish criminals than
rehabilitate them probably see human nature as _____.
14.
innate
15.
basically good
16.
a combination of good and evil
17.
essentially evil
Ans: d
14.
Which relationship between humans and nature is illustrated by
societies which place less emphasis on birth controland tend not to interfere
with rivers by building dams?
15.
domination of nature over humans
16.
humans living in harmony with nature
17.
humans dominate nature
18.
low access to technology
Ans: a
15.
Kyle doesn’t understand why people in some countries don’t make
greater use of agricultural technology and why, if they have large populations,
more people don’t practice birth control. Kyle probably lives in a society with
a _____ orientation.
16.
domination of nature over humans
17.
humans living in harmony with nature
18.
humans dominate nature
19.
technological
Ans: c
16.
Many Guatemalans place great emphasis on extended families and
are more likely to consult with family members when making important decisions.
This culture most likely representsa(n) _____ society.
17.
individualist
18.
collectivist
19.
feminine
20.
masculine
Ans: b
17.
A culture thatvalues being productive and keeping busy tends to
have a _____ orientation to human activity.
18.
doing
19.
puritan
20.
growing
21.
being
Ans: a
18.
Carmen would rather spend time interacting and relaxing with
friends than working. In fact, she recently turned down a promotion because it
would mean she would see her family and friends less. Carmen probably grew up
in a culture with a _____ value orientation toward human activity.
19.
doing
20.
puritan
21.
growing
22.
being
Ans: d
19.
Shauna, age 27, has started to put money into an IRA. She
doesn’t plan to use this money until she retires. Shauna probably lives in a
culture with a _____ orientation toward time.
20.
future
21.
past
22.
present
23.
financial
Ans: a
20.
The extent to which less powerful members of a society expect
and accept power is known as _____.
21.
masculinity–femininity
22.
uncertainty avoidance
23.
power distance
24.
long-term orientation to life
Ans: c
21.
Many people in Central America have a preference for
gender-specific roles (e.g., men should be primary bread winners and women are
responsible for the family). They probably have a(n) _____value orientation.
22.
power distance
23.
uncertainty avoidance
24.
masculine
25.
feminine
Ans: c
22.
The degree to which people feel threatened by ambiguous
situations and try to ensure certainty by establishing more structure is
referred to as _____.
23.
power distance
24.
uncertainty avoidance
25.
masculinity
26.
femininity
Ans: b
23.
Cultures whose members participate in religions like Hinduism
and Buddhism, which emphasize virtue, tenacity, and perseverance, have a _____
orientation toward life.
24.
long-term
25.
feminine
26.
short-term
27.
masculine
Ans: a
24.
Jeremy is always polite and courteous to his instructors at
school but tends to be a bit rowdy with his friends at a party. This difference
in Jeremy’s communication illustrates the importance of _____ in determining
behavior and communication.
25.
power distance
26.
context
27.
rituals
28.
ethnocentrism
Ans: b
25.
Our sense of familiarity and comfort within our own cultures is
known as _____.
26.
uncertainty avoidance
27.
embodied ethnocentrism
28.
symbolic significance
29.
preferred personality
Ans: b
26._____ refers to acting or presenting oneself in a specific
way so as to accomplish some goal.
a.Symbolic significance
1. Indulgence
2. Preferred
personality
3. Performative
Ans: d
27.
A research method where writers examine their own life
experiences to discover broader cultural insights is known as:
28.
frame analysis.
29.
phenomenography.
30.
autoethnography.
31.
hermeneutics.
Ans: c
28.
_____ is a cultural variability dimension that reflects a
subjective feeling of happiness.
29.
Indulgence versus restraint
30.
Long-term versus short-term orientation
31.
Masculinity–femininity value
32.
Uncertainty avoidance
Ans: a
29.
_____ is a specialized area of study whereby interpretive
scholars analyze verbal and nonverbal activities that have symbolic
significance for the members of cultural groups to understand the rules and
patterns followed by the groups.
30.
Phenomenology
31.
Pragmatics
32.
Conversational analysis
33.
Ethnography of communication
Ans: d
30.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and
tend to focus on the:
31.
often conflictual nature of cultural boundaries.
32.
contextual patterns of communication behavior.
33.
role of perception in cultural patterns.
34.
heterogeneity of cultural groups.
Ans: b
31.
In the context of the role of perception in cultural patterns,
in contrast to Asians, North European cultural groups:
32.
lay heavy emphasis on sensory information and feeling.
b.use more description and physical metaphors to capture their
perceptions.
1. tend
to be more abstract, stressing coherent explanation.
2. emphasize
action-oriented procedures.
Ans: c
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
32.
People in collectivist societies tend to value direct
communication and active conflict resolution styles in order to maintain the
group.
Ans: F
33.
Groups with the most power determine what the acceptable
communication system of an entire society will be.
Ans: T
34.
People of different ages, genders, physical abilities, or sexual
orientations have relatively equal access to power in the United States.
Ans: F
35.
People tend to communicate the same way regardless of the
setting or the people with whom they are speaking.
Ans: F
36.
36. People who value quality of life, service to others, and
support for the unfortunate tend to have a masculine value orientation.
Ans: F
37.
A culture whose members believe that less hierarchy is better
and that power should be used only for legitimate purposes tends to have a low
power distance orientation.
Ans: T
38.
Great Britain, Hong Kong, and the United States have low levels
of uncertainty avoidance.
Ans: T
39.
Forces that attempt to change or retain existing social structures
contribute to the political context.
Ans: T
40.
Most people in the United States believe that man is essentially
evil because we are interested not in rehabilitation, but in punishment of
criminal offenders.
Ans: F
41.
The most common form of activity in the United States seems to
involve a “doing”orientation.
Ans: T
42.
The interpretive perspective on communication emphasizes that
the process by which we negotiate meaning is static.
Ans: F
43.
Researchers Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodtbeck emphasized
the centrality of cultural values in understanding cultural groups.
Ans: T
44.
Preferred personality refers to the importance or meaning that
most members of a cultural group attach to a communication activity.
Ans: F
45.
People with a long-term value orientation are concerned with
possessing the truth, focusing on quick results in endeavors, and recognizing
social pressure to conform.
Ans: F
ESSAYQUESTIONS
46.
Identify, discuss, and provide examples of the three possible
relationships between humans and nature according to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck.
47.
Compare and contrast the individualist and the collectivist
orientations toward relationships between humans.
48.
Identify and discuss two ways in which communication reinforces culture.
49.
49. Discuss the role of power in the intercultural communication
process.
CHAPTER 5
IDENTITY AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
MULTIPLECHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Women
who join social groups exclusive to women are highlighting their _____
identity.
2. gender
3. age
4. ethnic
5. religious
Ans: a
2. In
the United States, a 40-year-old man who lives with his parents and spends most
of his time playing video games and chasing women is generally not seen as
enacting his _____ identity.
3. gender
4. age
5. ethnic
6. sexual
Ans: b
3. Typically,
_____ identity includes knowledge of a group’s traditions, customs, values, and
a feeling of belonging to that group.
4. gender
5. age
6. ethnic
7. religious
Ans: c
4. U.S.
Americans who identify not only with being U.S. citizens but also as being members
of ethnic groupsare often called _____.
5. global
nomads (TCKs)
6. culture
brokers
7. hyphenated
Americans
8. modelminorities
Ans: c
5. A
person who wears a crucifix around his or her neck is probably communicating
his or her _____ identity.
6. ethnic
7. national
8. religious
9. class
Ans: c
6. Trailer
trash or white trash are terms used to mark _____ differences in U.S. society.
7. ethnic
8. racial
9. religious
10.
class
Ans: d
7. Anu
was born in the United States. Her parents were born in India. When Anu
interacts with the children of other Indian immigrants, she is most likely
enacting her _____ identity.
8. ethnic
9. national
10.
religious
11.
class
Ans: a
8. Belle
is from South Carolina. She is proud that she speaks with an accent and has no
real desire to visit or live in the West. Belle affirms her _____ identity.
9. ethnic
10.
national
11.
regional
12.
class
Ans: c
9. The
stage of minority identity development characterized by the lack of exploration
of ethnicity is known as _____.
10.
conformity
11.
resistance and separatism
12.
unexamined identity
13.
integration
Ans: c
10.
Manuel accepts the values and attitudes of the majority culture.
Although he is Mexican American, he is often embarrassed by other members of
his group. He has a strong desire to assimilate into the mainstream. Manuel is
probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
11.
unexamined identity
12.
resistance and separatism
13.
conformity
14.
integration
Ans: c
11.
Simone, an African American, is not interested or concerned with
ethnicity. “Why would I need to learn about black history?” she asks. She says,
“I’m just into my own thing.” Simone is probably in the _____ stage of minority
identity development.
12.
unexamined identity
13.
resistance and separatism
14.
conformity
15.
integration
Ans: a
12.
In the _____ stage of minority identity development, individuals
internalize the values and norms of the dominant group and may have negative
attitudes toward themselves or toward their group in general.
13.
unexamined identity
14.
resistance and separatism
15.
conformity
16.
integration
Ans: c
13.
In the _____ stage of minority identity development, individuals
may reject the values and norms associated with the dominant group while
embracing all the attitudes and values attributed to his or her own group.
14.
unexamined identity
15.
resistance and separatism
16.
conformity
17.
integration
Ans: b
14.
Bertina, a Native American, believes that Navajo customs and
traditions provide the most effective responses to everyday issues. She rejects
Westernized medicine when she is sick and refuses to be cured by anyone but a
traditional healer. Bertina is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity
development.
15.
conformity
16.
unexamined identity
17.
integration
18.
resistance and separatism
Ans: d
15.
A person with a strong sense of his or her own group identity
and an appreciation of other cultural groups is probably in the _____ stage of
minority identity development.
16.
unexamined identity
17.
resistance and separatism
18.
conformity
19.
integration
Ans: d
16.
Vivian, an African American, is proud to be black. She admires,
however, many Latin Americans’ emphasis on family and applauds the successes of
many Asian Americans. Vivian is probably in the _____ stage of minority
identity development.
17.
integration
18.
conformity
19.
resistance and separatism
20.
unexamined identity
Ans: a
17.
A person who is aware of some physical and cultural differences,
but does not fear other racial or ethnic groups or feel a sense of superiority
is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
18.
resistance
19.
acceptance
20.
redefinition and integration
21.
unexamined identity
Ans: d
18.
A person who doesn’t question the basic racial inequities in
society and who may even believe that minority groups need help to assimilate
is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
19.
resistance
20.
acceptance
21.
redefinition and integration
22.
unexamined identity
Ans: b
19.
Ted, a white American, doesn’t think of himself as being white.
He knows that minority groups are economically disadvantaged and supports
educational efforts to expose minorities to European music, art, and literature.
Ted is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
20.
resistance
21.
unexamined identity
22.
redefinition and integration
23.
acceptance
Ans: d
20.
When a person moves from blaming minority members for their
conditions to blaming the social system as a source of racial or ethnic
problems, he or she is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity
development.
21.
acceptance
22.
unexamined identity
23.
redefinition and integration
24.
resistance
Ans: d
21.
Dianna is comfortable being white although she can appreciate
other groups. She recognizes that prejudice and racism are factors in our
society but also realizes that blame, guilt, or denial doesn’t really help
eliminate racism. Dianna is probably in the _____ stages of majority identity
development.
22.
resistance
23.
acceptance
24.
redefinition and integration
25.
unexamined identity
Ans: c
22.
Duncan has a white father and a Korean mother. He feels torn
between two different cultures. He has difficulty making decisions, is troubled
by ambiguity, and feels pressure from both groups. Here, Duncan is a(n) _____.
23.
assimilated
24.
encapsulated marginal
25.
global nomad
26.
constructive marginal
Ans: b
23.
_____ aremulticultural people who see themselves as choice
makers. They seem to thrive in their lives on the margins of two cultures.
24.
Culture brokers
25.
Encapsulated marginals
26.
Global nomads
27.
Constructive marginal
Ans: d
24.
After 15 minutes of their first conversation, Chris tells
MacKenzie that he (Chris) is gay. Clearly, _____ is an important aspect of how
Chris identifies himself.
25.
age identity
26.
religious identity
27.
sexual identity
28.
ethnic identity
Ans: c
25.
Which of the following best describes the term interpellation?
a.the fundamental beliefs that are shared by the members of a
cultural group
1. the
communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place
people into a specific identity
c.the identification with the cultural notions of masculinity
and femininity and what it means to be a man or a woman
d.the identification with feelings of connectedness to others
and higher meanings in life
Ans: b
26.
A person whose gender identity matches the biological sex that
she or he was born into is known as a(n):
27.
transgender.
b.ipsogender.
c.model minority.
1. cisgender.
Ans: d
27.
_____ is a sense of belonging to a group that shares similar
economic, occupational, or social status.
28.
Class identity
29.
Personal identity
30.
National identity
31.
Regional identity
Ans: a
28.
People who grow up in many different cultural contexts because
their parents relocated are referred to as:
29.
model minorities.
30.
culture brokers.
31.
global nomads.
d.stereotypes.
Ans: c
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
29.
Microagressions are subtle insults directed toward cultural
groups, often automatically or unconsciously.
Ans: T
30.
Old age is revered in the United States and many other
societies.
Ans: F
31.
The racial classification of a person is largely determined by
biology.
Ans: F
32.
A person in the redefinition and integration stage of majority
identity development may minimize his or her communication with whites and seek
out interactions with people of color.
Ans: F
33.
A multicultural person with a secure sense of self and exposure
to more than one culture’s norms and values is in the self-acceptance and
assertion stage of multicultural identity development.
Ans: T
34.
Individualism is a core symbol of Mexican American identity.
Ans: F
35.
People with disabilities do not usually go through discernible
stages of identity development because they are also members of larger cultural
groups.
Ans:F
36.
White people have an advantage of race privilege.
Ans: T
37.
Gender is the same as biological sex.
Ans: F
38.
Individualized identity, evident in many collectivististic
cultures, stresses the importance of emotional connectedness to and
interdependence with others.
Ans: F
39.
According to the identity negotiation theory, cultural
variability influences our sense of self and ultimately influences how
successful we are in intercultural interactions.
Ans: T
40.
Ascription is the process by which individuals portray
themselves, whereas avowal is the process by which others attribute identities
to them.
Ans: F
41.
Core symbols tell us about the fundamental beliefs and the
central concepts that define a particular identity.
Ans: T
ESSAY QUESTIONS
42.
How might white privilege affect intercultural communication?
43.
What is the relationship between communication and identity?
44.
How are racial categories constructed? How are they different
from ethnic categories?
45.
Identify and discuss three common characteristics shared by
white people in the United States.
46.
Why would U.S. Americans not like to discuss class distinctions?
What are the ramifications of lack of recognition of class?
47.
What communication strategies are used to place someone in the
class hierarchy in the United States?
48.
At what stage in the identity development model are you? Why?
What experiences have facilitated or hindered your own identity development?
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