Information Technology Auditing 4th Edition James A Hall- Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 3—Security Part I: Auditing Operating Systems and Networks

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1.   In a computerized environment, the audit trail log must be printed onto paper documents.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

2.   Disguising message packets to look as if they came from another user and to gain access to the host’s network is called spooling.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

3.   A formal log-on procedure is the operating system’s last line of defense against unauthorized access.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

4.   Computer viruses usually spread throughout the system before being detected.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

5.   A worm is software program that replicates itself in areas of idle memory until the system fails.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

6.   Viruses rarely attach themselves to executable files.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

 

7.   Operating system controls are of interest to system professionals but should not concern accountants and auditors.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

8.   The most frequent victims of program viruses are microcomputers.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

 

9.   Audit trails in computerized systems are comprised of two types of audit logs: detailed logs of individual keystrokes and event-oriented logs.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

10.                In a telecommunications environment, line errors can be detected by using an echo check.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

 

 

 

11.                The message authentication code is calculated by the sender and the receiver of a data transmission.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

12.                The request-response technique should detect if a data communication transmission has been diverted.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

13.                Electronic data interchange translation software interfaces with the sending firm and the value added network.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

14.                A value added network can detect and reject transactions by unauthorized trading partners.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

15.                Electronic data interchange customers may be given access to the vendor’s data files.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

16.                The audit trail for electronic data interchange transactions is stored on magnetic media.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

17.                A firewall is a hardware partition designed to protect networks from power surges.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

18.                To preserve audit trails in a computerized environment, transaction logs are permanent records of transactions.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

19.                The network paradox is that networks exist to provide user access to shared resources while one of its most important objectives is to control access.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

20.                IP spoofing is a form of masquerading to gain unauthorized access to a Web server.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

21.                The rules that make it possible for users of networks to communicate are called protocols.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

22.                A factor that contributes to computer crime is the reluctance of many organizations to prosecute criminals for fear of negative publicity.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

23.                Because of network protocols, users of networks built by different manufacturers are able to communicate and share data.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

24.                The client-server model can only be applied to ring and star topologies.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

25.                Only two types of motivation drive DoS attacks:  1) to punish an organization with which the perpetrator had a grievance; and 2) to gain bragging rights for being able to do it.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

26.                The bus topology connects the nodes in parallel.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

27.                A network topology is the physical arrangement of the components of the network.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

28.                A digital signature is a digital copy of the sender’s actual signature that cannot be forged.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

29.                A smurf attack involves three participants: a zombie, an intermediary, and the victim.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

30.                In a hierarchical topology, network nodes communicate with each other via a central host computer.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

31.                Polling is one technique used to control data collisions.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

32.                The more individuals that need to exchange encrypted data, the greater the chance that the key will become known to an intruder.  To overcome this problem, private key encryption was devised.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

33.                A ping is used to test the state of network congestion and determine whether a particular host computer is connected and available on the network.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1

 

 

 

34.                HTML tags are customized to delimit attributes, the content of which can be read and processed by computer applications.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.   The operating system performs all of the following tasks except

a.	translates third-generation languages into machine language
b.	assigns memory to applications
c.	authorizes user access
d.	schedules job processing

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

2.   Which of the following is considered an unintentional threat to the integrity of the operating system?

a.	a hacker gaining access to the system because of a security flaw
b.	a hardware flaw that causes the system to crash
c.	a virus that formats the hard drive
d.	the systems programmer accessing individual user files

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

3.   A software program that replicates itself in areas of idle memory until the system fails is called a

a.	Trojan horse
b.	worm
c.	logic bomb
d.	none of the above

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

4.   A software program that allows access to a system without going through the normal logon procedures is called a

a.	logic bomb
b.	Trojan horse
c.	worm
d.	back door

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

5.   All of the following will reduce the exposure to computer viruses except

a.	install antivirus software
b.	install factory-sealed application software
c.	assign and control user passwords
d.	install public-domain software from reputable bulletin boards

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6.   Hackers can disguise their message packets to look as if they came from an authorized user and gain access to the host’s network using a technique called

a.	spoofing.
b.	spooling.
c.	dual-homed.
d.	screening.

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

 

 

7.   Passwords are secret codes that users enter to gain access to systems. Security can be compromised by all of the following except

a.	failure to change passwords on a regular basis
b.	using obscure passwords unknown to others
c.	recording passwords in obvious places
d.	selecting passwords that can be easily detected by computer criminals

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

8.   Which control will not reduce the likelihood of data loss due to a line error?

a.	echo check
b.	encryption
c.	vertical parity bit
d.	horizontal parity bit

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

9.   Which method will render useless data captured by unauthorized receivers?

a.	echo check
b.	parity bit
c.	public key encryption
d.	message sequencing

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

10.                Which method is most likely to detect unauthorized access to the system?

a.	message transaction log
b.	data encryption standard
c.	vertical parity check
d.	request-response technique

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

 

11.                All of the following techniques are used to validate electronic data interchange transactions except

a.	value added networks can compare passwords to a valid customer file before message transmission
b.	prior to converting the message, the translation software of the receiving company can compare the password against a validation file in the firm’s database
c.	the recipient’s application software can validate the password prior to processing
d.	the recipient’s application software can validate the password after the transaction has been processed

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

 

12.                All of the following tests of controls will provide evidence that adequate computer virus control techniques are in place and functioning except

a.	verifying that only authorized software is used on company computers
b.	reviewing system maintenance records
c.	confirming that antivirus software is in use
d.	examining the password policy including a review of the authority table

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

13.                Audit objectives for communications controls include all of the following except

a.	detection and correction of message loss due to equipment failure
b.	prevention and detection of illegal access to communication channels
c.	procedures that render intercepted messages useless
d.	all of the above

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

14.                When auditors examine and test the call-back feature, they are testing which audit objective?

a.	incompatible functions have been segregated
b.	application programs are protected from unauthorized access
c.	physical security measures are adequate to protect the organization from natural disaster
d.	illegal access to the system is prevented and detected

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

15.                In an electronic data interchange (EDI) environment, when the auditor compares the terms of the trading partner agreement against the access privileges stated in the database authority table, the auditor is testing which audit objective?

a.	all EDI transactions are authorized
b.	unauthorized trading partners cannot gain access to database records
c.	authorized trading partners have access only to approved data
d.	a complete audit trail is maintained

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

16.                In determining whether a system is adequately protected from attacks by computer viruses, all of the following policies are relevant except

a.	the policy on the purchase of software only from reputable vendors
b.	the policy that all software upgrades are checked for viruses before they are implemented
c.	the policy that current versions of antivirus software should be available to all users
d.	the policy that permits users to take files home to work on them

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

17.                In an electronic data interchange environment, customers routinely

a.	access the vendor’s accounts receivable file with read/write authority
b.	access the vendor’s price list file with read/write authority
c.	access the vendor’s inventory file with read-only authority
d.	access the vendor’s open purchase order file with read-only authority

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

18.                In an electronic data interchange environment, the audit trail

a.	is a printout of all incoming and outgoing transactions
b.	is an electronic log of all transactions received, translated, and processed by the system
c.	is a computer resource authority table
d.	consists of pointers and indexes within the database

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

 

19.                All of the following are designed to control exposures from subversive threats except

a.	firewalls
b.	one-time passwords
c.	field interrogation
d.	data encryption

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

20.                Many techniques exist to reduce the likelihood and effects of data communication hardware failure. One of these is

a.	hardware access procedures
b.	antivirus software
c.	parity checks
d.	data encryption

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

21.                Which of the following deal with transaction legitimacy?

a.	transaction authorization and validation
b.	access controls
c.	EDI audit trail
d.	all of the above

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

22.                Firewalls are

a.	special materials used to insulate computer facilities
b.	a system that enforces access control between two networks
c.	special software used to screen Internet access
d.	none of the above

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

 

23.                Which of the following is true?

a.	Deep Packet Inspection uses a variety of analytical and statistical techniques to evaluate the contents of message packets.
b.	An Intrusion prevention system works in parallel with a firewall at the perimeter of the network to act as a filer that removes malicious packets from the flow before they can affect servers and networks.
c.	A distributed denial of service attack is so named because it is capable of attacking many victims simultaneously who are distributed across the internet.
d.	None of the above are true statements.

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

24.                A system of computers that connects the internal users of an organization that is distributed over a wide geographic area is a(n)

a.	LAN
b.	decentralized network
c.	multidrop network
d.	Intranet

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

25.                Network protocols fulfill all of the following objectives except

a.	facilitate physical connection between network devices
b.	provide a basis for error checking and measuring network performance
c.	promote compatibility among network devices
d.	result in inflexible standards

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

26.                To physically connect a workstation to a LAN requires a

a.	file server
b.	network interface card
c.	multiplexer
d.	bridge

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

27.                Packet switching

a.	combines the messages of multiple users into one packet for transmission. At the receiving end, the packet is disassembled into the individual messages and distributed to the intended users.
b.	is a method for partitioning a database into packets for easy access where no identifiable primary user exists in the organization.
c.	is used to establish temporary connections between network devices for the duration of a communication session.
d.	is a denial of service technique that disassembles various incoming messages to targeted users into small packages and then reassembles them in random order to create a useless garbled message.

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

 

28.                A virtual private network:

a.	is a password-controlled network for private users rather than the general public.
b.	is a private network within a public network.
c.	is an Internet facility that links user sites locally and around the world.
d.	defines the path to a facility or file on the web.
e.	none of the above is true.

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

 

 

29.                A ping signal is used to initiate

a.	URL masquerading
b.	digital signature forging
c.	Internet protocol spoofing
d.	a smurf attack
e.	none of the above is true

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

30.                In a star topology, when the central site fails

a.	individual workstations can communicate with each other
b.	individual workstations can function locally but cannot communicate with other workstations
c.	individual workstations cannot function locally and cannot communicate with other workstations
d.	the functions of the central site are taken over by a designated workstation

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

31.                Which of the following statements is correct? The client-server model

a.	is best suited to the token-ring topology because the random-access method used by this model detects data collisions.
b.	distributes both data and processing tasks to the server’s node.
c.	is most effective used with a bus topology.
d.	is more efficient than the bus or ring topologies.

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

32.                A star topology is appropriate

a.	for a wide area network with a mainframe for a central computer
b.	for centralized databases only
c.	for environments where network nodes routinely communicate with each other
d.	when the central database does not have to be concurrent with the nodes

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

 

33.                In a ring topology

a.	the network consists of a central computer which manages all communications between nodes
b.	has a host computer connected to several levels of subordinate computers
c.	all nodes are of equal status; responsibility for managing communications is distributed among the nodes
d.	information processing units rarely communicate with each other

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

 

 

 

 

 

34.                A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack

a.	is more intensive that a Dos attack because it emanates from single source
b.	may take the form of either a SYN flood or smurf attack
c.	is so named because it effects many victims simultaneously, which are distributed across the internet
d.	turns the target victim’s computers into zombies that are unable to access the Internet

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

 

35.                Which of the following statements is correct? TCP/IP

a.	is the basic protocol that permits communication between Internet sites.
b.	controls Web browsers that access the WWW.
c.	is the file format used to produce Web pages.
d.	is a low-level encryption scheme used to secure transmissions in HTTP format.

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

 

36.                FTP

a.	is the document format used to produce Web pages.
b.	controls Web browsers that access the Web.
c.	is used to connect to Usenet groups on the Internet
d.	is used to transfer text files, programs, spreadsheets, and databases across the Internet.
e.	is a low-level encryption scheme used to secure transmissions in higher-level () format.

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

37.                IP spoofing

a.	combines the messages of multiple users into a “spoofing packet” where the IP addresses are interchanged and the messages are then distributes randomly among the targeted users.
b.	is a form of masquerading to gain unauthorized access to a web server.
c.	is used to establish temporary connections between network devices with different IP addresses for the duration of a communication session.
d.	is a temporary phenomenon that disrupts transaction processing. It will resolve itself when the primary computer completes processing its transaction and releases the IP address needed by other users.

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

 

38.                HTML

a.	is the document format used to produce Web pages.
b.	controls Web browsers that access the Web.
c.	is used to connect to Usenet groups on the Internet.
d.	is used to transfer text files, programs, spreadsheets, and databases across the Internet.
e.	is a low-level encryption scheme used to secure transmissions in higher-level () format.

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

 

 

 

39.                A message that is made to look as though it is coming from a trusted source but is not is called

a.	a denial of service attack
b.	digital signature forging
c.	Internet protocol spoofing
d.	URL masquerading

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

40.                An IP Address:

a.	defines the path to a facility or file on the web.
b.	is the unique address that every computer node and host attached to the Internet must have.
c.	is represented by a 64-bit data packet.
d.	is the address of the protocol rules and standards that governing the design of internet hardware and software.

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

 

41.                A digital signature is

a.	the encrypted mathematical value of the message sender’s name
b.	derived from the digest of a document that has been encrypted with the sender’s private key
c.	the computed digest of the sender’s digital certificate
d.	allows digital messages to be sent over analog telephone lines

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

42.                HTTP

a.	is the document format used to produce Web pages.
b.	controls Web browsers that access the Web.
c.	is used to connect to Usenet groups on the Internet
d.	is used to transfer text files, programs, spreadsheets, and databases across the Internet.
e.	is a low-level encryption scheme used to secure transmissions in higher-level () format.

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

43.                Which of the following statements is correct?

a.	Packet switching combines the messages of multiple users into a “packet” for transmission. At the receiving end, the packet is disassembled into the individual messages and distributed to the intended users.
b.	The decision to partition a database assumes that no identifiable primary user exists in the organization.
c.	Packet switching is used to establish temporary connections between network devices for the duration of a communication session.
d.	A deadlock is a temporary phenomenon that disrupts transaction processing. It will resolve itself when the primary computer completes processing its transaction and releases the data needed by other users.

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

SHORT ANSWER

 

1.   What is a virus?

 

ANS:

A virus is a program that attaches itself to another legitimate program in order to penetrate the operating system.

 

PTS:   1

 

2.   List three methods of controlling unauthorized access to telecommunication messages.

 

ANS:

call-back devices, data encryption, message sequence numbering, message authentication codes, message transaction logs, and request-response technique

 

PTS:   1

 

3.   What are some typical problems with passwords?

 

ANS:

users failing to remember passwords; failure to change passwords frequently; displaying passwords where others can see them; using simple, easy-to-guess passwords

 

PTS:   1

 

4.   Discuss the key features of the one-time password technique:

 

ANS:

The one-time password was designed to overcome the problems associated with reusable passwords.

The user’s password changes continuously.

This technology employs a credit card-sized smart card that contains a microprocessor programmed with an algorithm that generates, and electronically displays, a new and unique password every 60 seconds.

The card works in conjunction with special authentication software located on a mainframe or network server computer. Each user’s card is synchronized to the authentication software, so that at any point in time both the smart card and the network software are generating the same password for the same user.

 

PTS:   1

 

 

5.   What is event monitoring?

 

ANS:

Event monitoring summarizes key activities related to system resources. Event logs typically record the IDs of all users accessing the system; the time and duration of a user’s session; programs that were executed during a session; and the files, databases, printers, and other resources accessed.

 

PTS:   1

 

 

6.   What are the auditor’s concerns in testing EDI controls?

 

ANS:

When testing EDI controls, the auditor’s primary concerns are related to ascertaining that EDI transactions are authorized, validated, and in compliance with organization policy, that no unauthorized organizations gain access to records, that authorized trading partners have access only to approved data, and that adequate controls are in place to maintain a complete audit trail.

 

PTS:   1

 

 

7.     What can be done to defeat a DDoS Attack?

 

ANS:

Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) that employ deep packet inspection (DPI) are a countermeasure to DDoS attacks.

 

PTS:   1

 

8.   What is deep packet inspection?

 

ANS:

DPI is a technique that searches individual network packets for protocol non-compliance and can identify and classify malicious packets based on a database of known attack signatures.

 

PTS:   1

 

9.   Explain how smurf attacks can be controlled.

 

ANS:

The targeted organization can program their firewall to ignore all communication from the attacking site, once the attackers IP address is determined.

 

PTS:   1

 

10.                Explain how SYN Flood attacks can be controlled.

 

ANS:

Two things can be done:

 

First, Internet hosts can program their firewalls to block outbound message packets that contain invalid internal IP addresses.

 

Second, security software can scan for half-open connections that have not been followed by an ACK packet. The clogged ports can then be restored to allow legitimate connections to use them.

 

PTS:   1

 

 

 

 

 

11.                Discuss the private key encryption technique and its shortcomings.

 

ANS:

To encode a message, the sender provides the encryption algorithm with the key, which produces the ciphertext message. This is transmitted to the receiver’s location, where it is decoded using the same key to produce a cleartext message. Because the same key is used for coding and decoding, control over the key becomes an important security issue. The more individuals that need to exchange encrypted data, the greater the chance that the key will become known to an intruder who could intercept a message and read it, change it, delay it, or destroy it.

 

PTS:   1

 

12.                Discuss the public key encryption technique.

 

ANS:

This approach uses two different keys: one for encoding messages and the other for decoding them. The recipient has a private key used for decoding that is kept secret. The encoding key is public and published for everyone to use. Receivers never need to share private keys with senders, which reduces the likelihood that they fall into the hands of an intruder. One of the most trusted public key encryption methods is Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA). This method is, however, computationally intensive and much slower than private key encryption.

 

PTS:   1

 

 

ESSAY

 

 

1.   What is an operating system? What does it do? What are operating system control objectives?

 

ANS:

An operating system is a computer’s control program. It controls user sharing of applications and resources such as processors, memory, databases, and peripherals such as printers. Common PC operating systems include Windows 2000, Windows NT, and Linux.

 

An operating system carries out three primary functions: translating high level languages into machine language using modules called compilers and interpreters; allocating computer resources to users, workgroups, and applications; and managing job scheduling and multiprogramming.

 

Operating systems have five basic control objectives:

1.   to protect itself from users,

2.   to protect users from each other,

3.   to protect users from themselves,

4.   to protect it from itself, and

5.   to protect itself from its environment.

 

PTS:   1

 

 

 

 

2.   What are the three security objectives of audit trails? Explain.

 

ANS:

Audit trails support system security objectives in three ways. By detecting unauthorized access to the system, the audit trail protects the system from outsiders trying to breach system controls. By monitoring system performance, changes in the system may be detected. The audit trail can also contribute to reconstructing events such as system failures, security breaches, and processing errors. In addition, the ability to monitor user activity can support increased personal accountability.

 

PTS:   1

 

3.   Discuss three sources of exposure (threats) to the operating system.

 

ANS:

1.   Privileged personnel who abuse their authority. Systems administrators and systems programmers require unlimited access to the operating system to perform maintenance and to recover from system failures. Such individuals may use this authority to access users’ programs and data files.

2.   Individuals both internal and external to the organization who browse the operating system to identify and exploit security flaws.

3.   Individuals who intentionally (or accidentally) insert computer viruses or other forms of destructive programs into the operating system.

 

PTS:   1

 

4.   Discuss three techniques for breaching operating system controls.

 

ANS:

Browsing involves searching through areas of main memory for password information.

Masquerading is a technique where a user is made to believe that he/she has accessed the operating system and therefore enters passwords, etc., that can later be used for unauthorized access.

A virus is a program that attaches itself to legitimate software to penetrate the operating system. Most are destructive.

A worm is software that replicates itself in memory.

A logic bomb is a destructive program triggered by some “logical” condition–a matching date, e.g., Michelangelo’s birthday.

 

PTS:   1

 

5.   A formal log-on procedure is the operating system’s first line of defense. Explain how this works.

 

ANS:

When the user logs on, he or she is presented with a dialog box requesting the user’s ID and password. The system compares the ID and password to a database of valid users. If the system finds a match, then the log-on attempt is authenticated. If, however, the password or ID is entered incorrectly, the log-on attempt fails and a message is returned to the user. The message should not reveal whether the password or the ID caused the failure. The system should allow the user to reenter the log-on information. After a specified number of attempts (usually no more than five), the system should lock out the user from the system.