Human Physiology From Cells To Systems 3rd Edition by Lauralee Sherwood – Test Bank

 

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 03   Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

 

1. The basal nuclei are part of the cerebrum.   a. True   b. False

 

2. Sound sensation is received initially by the parietal lobes.   a. True   b. False

 

3. Aphasia is a language disorder.   a. True   b. False

 

4. The white matter in the CNS consists of parts of neurons not covered with myelin.   a. True   b. False

 

5. White matter consists primarily of myelinated nerve fibres.   a. True   b. False

 

6. Complex thought is a function of the frontal lobe.   a. True   b. False

 

7. Efferent neurons are the most abundant type of neuron.   a. True   b. False

 

8. The cerebral cortex is an inner core of white matter.   a. True   b. False

 

9. Efferent neurons lie primarily in the central nervous system.   a. True   b. False

 

10. The dura mater is the fragile, innermost meningeal layer that closely adheres to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.   a. True   b. False

 

11. The recycling of newly acquired information through short-term memory increases the likelihood of long-term memory consolidation.   a. True   b. False

 

12. Efferent neurons are sensory neurons.   a. True   b. False

 

13. The cell bodies of both afferent and efferent neurons originate in the CNS.   a. True   b. False

 

14. The two regions of grey matter within the cerebrum are the cerebral cortex and the basal nuclei.   a. True   b. False

 

15. Oligodendrocytes form myelin around the axons of the CNS.   a. True   b. False

 

16. The outer layer of the brain is grey matter, but the outer layer of the spinal cord is white matter.   a. True   b. False

 

17. Transport across the brain capillary walls is prevented anatomically between the cells and is restricted physiologically through the cells.   a. True   b. False

 

18. A flat EEG always signifies brain death.   a. True   b. False

 

19. Different parts of the body are not represented by equal areas of the sensory homunculus of the parietal lobe.   a. True   b. False

 

20. The blood–brain barrier prevents an increase in the concentration of potassium ions in the ECF surrounding brain cells.   a. True   b. False

 

21. Sleep is accompanied by a reduction in neural activity.   a. True   b. False

 

22. Working memory involves comparing current sensory data with relevant stored knowledge, and manipulating that information.   a. True   b. False

 

23. Efferent neurons are motor neurons.   a. True   b. False

 

24. The majority of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain stem.   a. True   b. False

 

25. A central bundle of interneuronal axons is called a tract, whereas a peripheral bundle of afferent and efferent neuronal axons is called a nerve.   a. True   b. False

 

26. Microglia are phagocytic cells delivered by the blood to the central nervous system.   a. True   b. False

 

27. Disorders of the cerebellum are characterized by an intention tremor.   a. True   b. False

 

28. The cerebrospinal fluid comes into direct contact with the neuronal and glial cells.   a. True   b. False

 

29. The brain lacks plasticity of functions.   a. True   b. False

 

30. The cerebellum is important in coordinating voluntary movements.   a. True   b. False

 

31. The amount of cortical space in the primary motor cortex devoted to a given body part is proportional to the size of the part.   a. True   b. False

 

32. Efferent neurons leave the spinal cord through the dorsal root.   a. True   b. False

 

33. Schwann cells are involved in regeneration of nerve fibre.   a. True   b. False

 

34. The right and left cerebral hemispheres perform identical functions, except they control opposite sides of the body.   a. True   b. False

 

35. Consciousness refers to subjective awareness of the external world and self.   a. True   b. False

 

36. According to definition, there are no nerves in the CNS.   a. True   b. False

 

37. The pia mater is the fragile, innermost meningeal layer that adheres closely to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.   a. True   b. False

 

38. Stimulation of the frontal lobe produces changes in personality and social behaviour.   a. True   b. False

 

39. Ninety percent of the cells within the CNS are neurons.   a. True   b. False

 

40. There are 15 pairs of cranial nerves.   a. True   b. False

 

41. Microglia are the immune cells of the CNS.   a. True   b. False

 

42. Hydrocephalus is caused by insufficient cerebrospinal fluid.   a. True   b. False

 

43. Astrocytes take up the neurotransmitter GABA.   a. True   b. False

 

44. Resting tremors are associated with diseases of the basal nuclei.   a. True   b. False

 

45. The grey matter in the CNS consists of parts of neurons not covered with myelin.   a. True   b. False

 

46. The withdrawal reflex is a monosynaptic reflex.   a. True   b. False

 

47. If neuronal pathways present at birth are not used during sensitive developmental periods, they may be eliminated.   a. True   b. False

 

48. The cells that form the walls of the brain capillaries have the inherent ability to form tight junctions.   a. True   b. False

 

49. Grey matter refers to regions of the central nervous system composed primarily of densely packed cell bodies, whereas white matter consists of bundles of myelinated nerve fibres.   a. True   b. False

 

50. Most brain tumours of neural origin consist of glial cells.   a. True   b. False

 

51. The limbic association cortex is involved with motivation and emotion.   a. True   b. False

 

52. The brain cannot produce ATP in the absence of oxygen.   a. True   b. False

 

53. Information as to whether a finger was touching an ice cube or being hit by a hammer would be carried to the brain in different ascending tracts within the spinal cord.   a. True   b. False

 

54. Grey matter consists predominantly of neuron cell bodies and dendrites.   a. True   b. False

 

55. Somatotopic maps of the cerebral cortex are static through the life of the organism.   a. True   b. False

 

56. Interneurons lie entirely within the central nervous system.   a. True   b. False

 

57. The motor cortex on the frontal lobe is not the only brain region involved in motor control.   a. True   b. False

 

58. Dura mater is the innermost meningeal layer.   a. True   b. False

 

59. Different parts of the body are not equally represented in the somatosensory cortex and the primary motor cortex.   a. True   b. False

 

60. Afferent neurons have a long peripheral axon and a short central axon.   a. True   b. False

 

61. Reciprocal innervation refers to the dual innervation of organs by the autonomic nervous system.   a. True   b. False

 

62. CREB is a brain neurotransmitter.   a. True   b. False

 

63. The right hemisphere is usually dominant in right-handed persons.   a. True   b. False

 

64. The occipital lobe is in the anterior region of the brain.   a. True   b. False

 

65. The stretch reflex is a polysynaptic reflex.   a. True   b. False

 

66. A retrograde chemical messenger from the postsynaptic neuron can influence neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron at a synapse during long-term potentiation.   a. True   b. False

 

67. The cell bodies in the spinal cord are located primarily in the white matter.   a. True   b. False

 

68. Centres for the control of respiration and circulatory function are located in the hypothalamus.   a. True   b. False

 

69. Cells forming the brain capillaries are joined by tight junctions that completely seal the capillary wall.   a. True   b. False

 

70. An electroencephalogram is a record of action potential activity in the cerebral cortex.   a. True   b. False

 

71. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to recall recent past events.   a. True   b. False

 

72. Ascending tracts carry information from the periphery to the CNS.   a. True   b. False

 

73. About 90 percent of the cells within the CNS are neurons.   a. True   b. False

 

74. Nerves of the autonomic nervous system control skeletal muscle responses.   a. True   b. False

 

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

 

75. Which of the following is the main function of Wernicke’s area?   a. to control limb movements   b. to control hand–eye coordination   c. to control language comprehension   d. to control memory

 

76. Which of these statements applies to the prefrontal association cortex?   a. It is concerned primarily with motivation and emotion.   b. It integrates somatic, auditory, and visual sensations.   c. It plays an important role in personality traits.   d. It localizes the source of sensory input and perceives the level of intensity of the stimulus.

 

77. By which route does information travel up the spinal cord to the brain?   a. via the ventral root ganglion   b. via efferent pathways   c. via ascending tracts   d. via descending tracts

 

78. Which of the following structures is NOT subcortical?   a. basal nuclei   b. thalamus   c. Wernicke’s area   d. cerebellum

 

79. Which of the following functions is NOT characteristic of the hypothalamus?   a. to control body temperature   b. to act as the centre for coordination with the autonomic nervous system   c. to produce hormones for the posterior pituitary gland   d. to receive sensory inputs from skeletal muscles

 

80. Which of the following structures is the outermost layer of meninges?   a. arachnoid mater   b. dura mater   c. parietal meninges   d. pia mater

 

81. Which of the following associations is NOT correct?   a. frontal lobe and understanding language   b. occipital lobe and visual input   c. parietal lobe and proprioception   d. parietal lobe and somesthetic sensations

 

82. Which part of the brain controls thirst and urine output, food intake, and body temperature, among other things?   a. cerebral cortex   b. hypothalamus   c. basal nuclei   d. thalamus

 

83. Which of these functions is NOT associated with the hypothalamus?   a. to control respiration and circulatory function   b. to control thirst and urine output   c. to control body temperature   d. to control food intake

 

84. Which statement correctly describes ascending tracts?   a. They relay messages down the spinal cord from the brain to the efferent neurons.   b. They carry impulses from the brain to the spinal cord.   c. They carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.   d. They transmit signals derived from afferent input up the spinal cord to the brain.

 

85. Which statement correctly describes slow-wave sleep?   a. It occupies a greater percentage of sleeping time than paradoxical sleep.   b. It is harder to arouse sleepers from than paradoxical sleep.   c. It is characterized by infrequent shifts in body position.   d. Dreaming is common.

 

86. Which of these statements is correct for procedural memories?   a. They are associated with the temporal lobes and are closely associated with limbic structures.   b. They are associated with the cerebrum.   c. They involve acquisition of motor skills gained via repetitive training.   d. They are associated with the hippocampus.

 

87. Which of the following correctly describes somesthetic sensation?   a. It is initially processed by the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex.   b. It is the awareness of body position.   c. It is equally sensitive for all regions of the body surface.   d. It is projected from the surface of the body to the parietal lobe.

 

88. Language ability is usually associated with which of the following?   a. right cerebral hemisphere   b. left cerebral hemisphere   c. limbic system   d. prefrontal association cortex

 

89. What part of the brain plays a vital role in short-term memory, involving the integration of various related stimuli, and is also crucial for consolidation into long-term memory?   a. hippocampus   b. basal nuclei   c. cerebellum   d. cerebral cortex

 

90. Which of the following is a monosynaptic reflex?   a. stretch reflex   b. withdrawal reflex   c. brain stem reflex   d. crossed extensor reflex

 

91. If a person suffers a severe blow to the side of the head slightly above the ear, the impact is closest to which lobe of the cerebral cortex?   a. frontal   b. occipital   c. parietal   d. temporal

 

92. What is the function of astrocytes?   a. to induce formation of cerebrospinal fluid   b. to aid in repairing brain injuries and in forming neural scars   c. to take up excess H+ from the brain ECF   d. to line the fluid-filled cavities of the CNS

 

93. Which of the following cranial nerves primarily innervates visceral organs?   a. facial   b. trochlear   c. vagus   d. accessory

 

94. Which statement regarding CSF production or flow is correct?   a. CSF is produced along the spinal cord.   b. CSF is produced by meningeal cells.   c. CSF enters the meningeal layer through the cerebral aqueduct.   d. CSF flows inferiorly along the dorsal subarachnoid space of the spinal cord.

 

95. Which neurotransmitter is required for long-term potentiation?   a. epinephrine   b. acetylcholine   c. glycine   d. glutamate

 

96. Which of the following is the most correct sequence of activation of brain areas when one responds in writing to a verbal command?   a. primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area, supplementary motor cortex, primary motor cortex   b. primary auditory cortex, Broca’s area, supplementary motor cortex, Wernicke’s area, primary motor cortex   c. primary auditory cortex, Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, supplementary motor cortex, primary motor cortex   d. primary visual area, Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area, supplementary motor cortex, primary motor cortex

 

97. Which of these statements applies to the thalamus?   a. It performs preliminary processing of almost all sensory input on its way to the cortex.   b. It inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.   c. It controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.   d. It plays a role in emotional and behavioural patterns.

 

98. Which of the following statements is correct with respect to glial cells? A   a. Astrocytes form myelin sheaths in CNS.   b. Glial cells branch as extensively as neurons do.   c. Ependymal cells line the internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord.   d. Oligodendrocytes enhance synapse formation and strengthen synaptic transmission.

 

99. Which of these statements does NOT apply to cerebrospinal fluid?   a. It is formed by the choroid plexuses and is reabsorbed across the arachnoid villi into the blood within the dural sinuses.   b. It serves as a shock-absorbing fluid to cushion the brain against jarring movements.   c. It comes into direct contact with the neuronal and glial cells.   d. It fills the subarachnoid space.

 

100. Which of the following correctly describes the limbic system?   a. It is a ring of structures surrounding the cerebellum.   b. It plays a key role in sensory perception.   c. It contains regions designated as reward and punishment centres.   d. It does NOT consist of frontal lobe.

 

101. If all the glial cells of the nervous system were destroyed, which of the following would occur?   a. Only the peripheral nervous system would be adversely affected.   b. Only about 10 percent of cells within CNS would remain.   c. The rate of neuronal cell regeneration would decline significantly.   d. The choroid plexus would not produce CSF.

 

102. Which of the following is NOT accomplished by the cerebral cortex?   a. voluntary initiation of movement   b. control of breathing, circulation, and digestion   c. final sensory perception   d. language ability

 

103. Which of the following is NOT a structural component of the limbic system?   a. amygdala   b. cingulate gyrus   c. mammillary body   d. medulla

 

104. Which of these statements applies to the cerebellum?   a. It is important for language function.   b. It is involved in coordination and planning of skilled voluntary muscle activity.   c. It inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.   d. It is for sensory perception, acting as a relay station.

 

105. Which of the following CNS structures influences autonomic activity?   a. medulla   b. hypothalamus   c. cerebral cortex   d. spinal cord

 

106. What region of the brain houses the centre that controls the sleep–wake cycle?   a. hypothalamus   b. thalamus   c. brain stem   d. cerebral cortex

 

107. Damage to which one of these areas would result in inability to perform accurate motor actions?   a. Broca’s area   b. somatosensory cortex   c. premotor cortex   d. Wernicke’s area

 

108. Which of the following can activate the arousal system?   a. sensory activity   b. afferent sensory input   c. basal ganglion   d. frontal lobe

 

109. Which of the following statements correctly describes short-term memory?   a. It has a larger storage capacity than long-term memory.   b. It takes longer to retrieve than long-term memory.   c. It involves transient modifications in the function of pre-existing synapses, such as channel modification.   d. It has relatively stable memory trace.

 

110. In which area of the brain is consciousness created?   a. cerebellum   b. cerebral cortex   c. frontal lobe   d. hypothalamus

 

111. Which of these areas of the brain is important for the maintenance of posture?   a. primary motor cortex   b. basal nuclei   c. brainstem   d. cerebellum

 

112. Which of the following structures is part of the peripheral nervous system?   a. cerebrum   b. thalamus   c. spinal cord   d. afferent neurons

 

113. Most of the cranial nerves originate from the _____________.   a. brain stem   b. cerebellum   c. cerebral cortex   d. hypothalamus

 

114. Which of the following statements best describes Parkinson’s disease?   a. It is associated with a deficiency of serotonin.   b. It is characterized by an intention tremor.   c. It is characterized by a resting tremor.   d. It is caused by cerebellar disorder.

 

115. Which of these statements correctly describes long-term potentiation?   a. It refers to increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a strong or noxious stimulus.   b. It refers to an increase in strength of existing synaptic connections in pathways involved in initial storage of declarative information following brief periods of stimulation.   c. It involves decreased neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic cells   d. It involves transient strengthening of pre-existing synapses.

 

116. Which statement does NOT correctly describe subarachnoid space?   a. It is the space between the arachnoid layer and the underlying pia mater.   b. It is filled with CSF.   c. Venous blood draining from the brain empties into this space.   d. Both brain and spinal cord have subarachnoid space.

 

117. Which statement does NOT correctly describe the brain stem?   a. The medulla is part of the brain stem.   b. The brain stem is a critical connecting link through which all fibres traversing between the periphery and higher brain centres must pass.   c. The brain stem is an important link between nervous and endocrine systems.   d. The brain stem contains centres that control respiration, blood vessel and heart function, and digestive activities.

 

118. Which of these statements does NOT apply to neural reflexes?   a. The responses are greatly variable in response to the same stimulus.   b. They are automatic motor responses.   c. They are triggered by specific stimuli.   d. They provide the ability to make rapid responses to changing stimuli to preserve homeostasis.

 

119. Why do myelinated axons conduct impulses much faster?   a. The myelin sheath insulates the axon.   b. Voltage gradually decreases through myelinated areas.   c. The distance between the nodes is short enough.   d. The fibre diameters are small.

 

120. What is the location of Broca’s area?   a. frontal lobe   b. occipital lobe   c. parietal lobe   d. temporal lobe

 

121. The left cerebral hemisphere excels normally in all of the following EXCEPT___________.   a. musical ability   b. verbal tasks   c. math skills   d. logical and analytical tasks

 

122. Which of the following is NOT a function of the basal ganglia?   a. to inhibit muscle tone   b. to coordinate impulses related to posture   c. to suppress unnecessary motor activity   d. to control autonomic activity

 

123. Which component of the reflex arc directly sends an impulse to an organ making a response?   a. receptor   b. afferent pathway   c. integrating centre   d. efferent pathway

 

124. Which statement correctly describes the peripheral nervous system?   a. It consists of 33 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves.   b. It consists of nerve fibres that carry information between the CNS and other parts of the body.   c. Its fibres are myelinated by oligodendrocytes.   d. It consists of motor nerve fibres only.

 

125. Which of these statements is correct for the cerebellum?   a. It is concerned primarily with motor activity, yet does not have any direct influence on efferent motor neurons.   b. It is part of the subcortical region of the brain.   c. It gives rise to resting tremors when diseased.   d. It is associated with declarative memories.

 

126. The corpus callosum interconnects which of the following?   a. the brain stem and the cerebellum   b. the brain stem and the diencephalon   c. the hypothalamus and the thalamus   d. the two cerebral hemispheres

 

127. In addition to producing cerebral spinal fluid, what is the function of ependymal cells?   a. to contribute to the formation of the blood–brain barrier   b. to act as immune cells   c. to act as neural stem cells   d. to conduct neural impulses

 

128. During cerebrovascular accidents, what type of receptors of neighbouring, healthy neurons does the glutamate that is released by damaged neurons bind to, thus initiating apoptosis?   a. acetylcholine   b. calcium   c. epinephrine   d. NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid)

 

129. A deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the basal nuclei will cause which of the following clinical conditions?   a. schizophrenia   b. epilepsy   c. Parkinson’s disease   d. depression

 

130. Which of the following is NOT a function of the limbic system?   a. to provide emotional overtones   b. to coordinate aspects of learning   c. to provide “reward” stimulation   d. to provide conscious perceptions

 

131. Which statement correctly describes descending tracts?   a. They relay messages from the brain to the efferent neurons.   b. They involve the lateral spinothalamic tract.   c. They are part of the peripheral nervous system.   d. They are a bundle of neuronal axons, some afferent and some efferent.

 

132. Which of the following tracts transmits conscious sensory impulse regarding touch in the upper body?   a. dorsal cerebellar   b. fasciculus gracilis   c. lateral spinothalamic   d. lateral corticospinal

 

133. Which of the following statements applies to the choroid plexus?   a. It is located on the entire surface area of the brain.   b. It is the site of drainage of used cerebrospinal fluid from brain tissues.   c. It consists of richly vascularized masses of pia mater tissue.   d. It is an extension of sura mater.

 

134. Which of these neurons is the most abundant type of neuron in the body?   a. motor neurons   b. efferent neurons   c. afferent neurons   d. interneurons

 

135. Which of the following is NOT accomplished by the cerebral cortex?   a. personality traits   b. language ability   c. final sensory perception   d. control of circulation and digestion

 

136. Which statement does NOT correctly describe the spinal cord?   a. Afferent fibres enter the spinal cord through the ventral root.   b. The dorsal and ventral roots at each level of the spinal cord join to form a spinal nerve.   c. The spinal cord is not as long as the vertebral column.   d. The ventral horn contains cell bodies of the efferent motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles.

 

137. Which region of the brain is the smallest and oldest in evolutionary development?   a. cerebellum   b. brain stem   c. hypothalamus   d. forebrain

 

138. Which of the following are the vast majority of cells that can be found in the nervous tissues?   a. fibroblasts   b. glial cells   c. neurons   d. plexus cells

 

139. Which of the following is the cause of neural damage following a cerebrovascular accident?   a. reduced CO2 and increased glucose delivery to the region of the brain deprived of its blood supply   b. toxic release of glutamate from damaged brain cells, which overexcites and subsequently destroys surrounding brain cells   c. a loss of the blood–brain barrier in the affected area of the brain as a result of rupture or occlusion of a cerebral vessel   d. decreased production of ATP in the absence of oxygen

 

140. Which neuromodulator is implicated as a neural sleep factor?   a. adenosine   b. ATP   c. norepinephrine   d. enkephalin

 

141. Which of these statements applies to cerebrospinal fluid?   a. It is formed by the choroid plexuses.   b. It is formed by the arachnoid villi.   c. It separates the blood and brain to form the blood–brain barrier.   d. It separates the dura mater from the skull bone.

 

142. Which of these statements describes the blood–brain barrier?   a. It limits the direct exchange of materials between the cerebrospinal fluid and brain.   b. It is formed in part by the tight junctions between the brain capillary cells.   c. It consists of the astrocyte processes that encircle the brain capillaries.   d. It is a barrier between the meninges.

 

143. What is the function of afferent neurons?   a. to transmit information to effector organs   b. to transmit information the cerebellum   c. to transmit messages from receptors to the spinal cord and brain   d. to receive messages from the cerebrum

 

144. Which of the following separates the parietal lobes and frontal lobes?   a. central sulcus   b. lateral sulcus   c. longitudinal fissure   d. transverse fissure

 

145. Which of the following statements best describes the arachnoid mater?   a. It is the innermost meningeal layer.   b. It is a delicate, richly vascularized meningeal layer that is cobwebby in appearance.   c. It is a tough, inelastic membrane that covers the central nervous system.   d. It is involved with the formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

 

146. Which of these is NOT a function of astrocytes?   a. to hold neurons together in proper spatial relationship   b. to line the internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord   c. to induce the formation of the blood–brain barrier   d. to take up excess K+ to help maintain proper brain ECF ion concentration

 

147. Which of the following does NOT participate in control of skeletal muscle activity?   a. limbic system   b. cerebellum   c. supplementary motor area   d. premotor cortex

 

148. Which of the following does NOT apply to Wernicke’s area?   a. It is usually developed in the left cerebral hemisphere.   b. It is responsible for controlling the muscles necessary for speaking ability.   c. It is concerned with language comprehension.   d. It plays a critical role in understanding both spoken and written messages.

 

149. Which statement does NOT correctly describe paradoxical sleep?   a. Paradoxical sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements.   b. A person normally passes through paradoxical sleep before entering slow-wave sleep.   c. Dreaming occurs only during paradoxical sleep.   d. The EEG pattern during paradoxical sleep is similar to that of an alert, awake person.

 

150. Which of the following statements applies correctly to brain cells?   a. They consist of glial cells only.   b. They can perform anaerobic metabolism when oxygen supplies are low.   c. They use only glucose as a fuel for energy production.   d. About 10 percent of the cells within the CNS are glial cells.

 

151. Which of these components of the nervous system comprises sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?   a. central nervous system   b. somatic nervous system   c. autonomic nervous system   d. afferent division