How Humans Evolved 7th Edition by Robert Boyd – Test Bank
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Sample Test
CHAPTER 3: The Modern Synthesis
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. To
understand how Mendelian genetics helps to explain evolution, we need to look
closely at what happens to genes in populations that are undergoing natural
selection. This is the domain of
|
a. |
primatology. |
c. |
human variation. |
|
b. |
evolutionary ecology. |
d. |
population genetics. |
ANS:
D
DIF:
Easy
REF: Population Genetics
OBJ: Describe the genetic composition of populations
in terms of the frequencies of genes and
genotypes.
MSC:
Remembering
2. Evolutionary
change in a phenotype
|
a. |
results from change in the
environment only. |
|
b. |
reflects change in the underlying
genetic composition of a population. |
|
c. |
cannot be passed from
parent to offspring. |
|
d. |
Both a and c. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Medium
REF: Population Genetics
OBJ: Describe the genetic composition of populations
in terms of the frequencies of genes and
genotypes.
MSC:
Understanding
3. Peas
were a useful subject for Mendel’s experiments because they have a number of
|
a. |
discontinuous traits. |
c. |
maladaptations. |
|
b. |
mating strategies. |
d. |
canalized behaviors. |
ANS:
A
DIF:
Easy
REF: The Genetics of Continuous Variation
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Understanding
4. Which
of the following cannot cause evolutionary change within a population?
|
a. |
Natural selection |
c. |
Mutation |
|
b. |
Hardy–Weinberg forces |
d. |
Random genetic drift |
ANS:
B
DIF:
Easy
REF: How Natural Selection Changes Gene Frequencies
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Understanding
5. Evolutionary
change occurs
|
a. |
whenever mutation occurs. |
|
b. |
whenever allelic
frequencies change from one generation to the next. |
|
c. |
whenever genetic drift is
eliminated. |
|
d. |
Both a and b. |
ANS:
D
DIF: Medium
REF: The Genetics of Continuous Variation
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Understanding
6. What
are the genotypic frequencies of the following population: 60 AA, 120 Aa, and
20 aa individuals?
|
a. |
30% AA, 60% Aa, and 10% aa |
c. |
60% AA, 120% Aa, and 20% aa |
|
b. |
60% A and 40% a |
d. |
None of the above. |
ANS: A
DIF:
Easy
REF: Genes in Populations
OBJ: Describe the genetic composition of populations
in terms of the frequencies of genes and
genotypes.
MSC:
Applying
7. What
are the allelic frequencies of the following population: 0 AA, 100 Aa, and 100
aa individuals?
|
a. |
50% A and 50% a |
c. |
25% A and 75% a |
|
b. |
0% A and 100% a |
d. |
33% A and 67% a |
ANS:
C
DIF: Medium
REF: How Random Mating and Sexual Reproduction
Change Genotypic Frequencies
OBJ: Explain how sexual reproduction changes
genotypic frequencies, sometimes leading to the Hardy–Weinberg
equilibrium.
MSC: Applying
8. Sexual
reproduction by itself
|
a. |
can change allelic frequencies. |
c. |
can change genotypic
frequencies. |
|
b. |
can cause evolutionary
change. |
d. |
both b and c. |
ANS:
C
DIF: Medium
REF: How Random Mating and Sexual Reproduction
Change Genotypic Frequencies
OBJ: Explain how sexual reproduction changes
genotypic frequencies, sometimes leading to the Hardy–Weinberg
equilibrium.
MSC: Understanding
9. Imagine
a population of 0 AA, 60 Aa, and 40 aa individuals. What is the frequency of
each allele in this population?
|
a. |
A = .6 and a = .4 |
c. |
A = .3 and a = .7 |
|
b. |
A = .5 and a = .5 |
d. |
A = .4 and a = .6 |
ANS:
C
DIF: Easy
REF: How Random Mating and Sexual Reproduction
Change Genotypic Frequencies
OBJ: Explain how sexual reproduction changes
genotypic frequencies, sometimes leading to the Hardy–Weinberg
equilibrium.
MSC: Applying
10. Imagine
a population where A = .2 and a = .8. Assuming random mating, what is the
frequency of each genotype among the zygotes of the next generation?
|
a. |
AA = .2, Aa = 0, and aa =
.8 |
c. |
AA = .04, Aa = .32, and aa
= .64 |
|
b. |
AA = .40, Aa = .16, and aa
= .44 |
d. |
AA = .40, Aa = .30, and aa
= .60 |
ANS:
C
DIF: Medium
REF: How Random Mating and Sexual Reproduction
Change Genotypic Frequencies
OBJ: Explain how sexual reproduction changes
genotypic frequencies, sometimes leading to the Hardy–Weinberg
equilibrium.
MSC: Applying
11. Imagine
a population where 20 individuals are aa, 40 are Aa, and 40 are AA. What are
the allelic frequencies?
|
a. |
a = .2 and A = .8 |
c. |
a = .5 and A = .5 |
|
b. |
a = .4 and A = .6 |
d. |
a = .6 and A = .4 |
ANS:
B
DIF: Easy
REF: How Random Mating and Sexual Reproduction
Change Genotypic Frequencies
OBJ: Explain how sexual reproduction changes
genotypic frequencies, sometimes leading to the Hardy–Weinberg
equilibrium.
MSC: Understanding
12. Imagine
a population where there are 20 aa individuals, 50 Aa individuals, and 30 AA
individuals. Imagine that selection acts against both homozygotes such that
neither homozygote survives to adulthood. What is the frequency of each
genotype in the next generation of zygotes?
|
a. |
aa = 0, Aa = 1.0, and AA =
0 |
c. |
aa = .20, Aa = .50, and AA
= .30 |
|
b. |
aa = .20, Aa = .60, and AA
= .20 |
d. |
aa = .25, Aa = .50, and AA
= .25 |
ANS:
D
DIF: Medium
REF: How Natural Selection Changes Gene Frequencies
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Applying
13. Consider
a population of 20 AA, 40 Aa, and 40 aa individuals. A is a dominant allele
causing death before reproductive age. What are the genotypic frequencies of
the next generation after selection?
|
a. |
All AA individuals |
c. |
50% AA and 50% aa
individuals |
|
b. |
All aa individuals |
d. |
25% AA and 75% aa
individuals |
ANS:
B
DIF: Medium
REF: How Natural Selection Changes Gene Frequencies
OBJ: Explain how sexual reproduction changes
genotypic frequencies, sometimes leading to the Hardy–Weinberg
equilibrium.
MSC: Applying
14. Consider
a population of 20 aa, 32 Aa, and 48 AA individuals. Selection acts against the
lethal recessive homozygote (aa) before adulthood. After selection, survivors
mate randomly. What are the genotypic frequencies of the next generation?
|
a. |
25% aa, 50% Aa, and 25% AA |
c. |
4% aa, 16% Aa, and 64% AA |
|
b. |
All AA |
d. |
None of the above. |
ANS: C
DIF:
Hard
REF: How Natural Selection Changes Gene Frequencies
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Analyzing
15. Phenylketonuria
(PKU)
|
a. |
can result in shortened
limbs. |
|
b. |
is caused by the
substitution of one allele for another at a single locus. |
|
c. |
is not a genetically
inherited disease. |
|
d. |
All of the above. |
ANS:
B
DIF:
Easy
REF: Genes in Populations
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Remembering
16. Which
of the following is correct?
|
a. |
Selection can produce
change when no variation is present in a population. |
|
b. |
Selection cannot change the
frequency of different phenotypes. |
|
c. |
The strength and direction
of selection depend on the environment. |
|
d. |
The strength of selection
is determined by dominant alleles. |
ANS:
C
DIF:
Easy
REF: The Genetics of Continuous Variation
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Understanding
17. The
modern synthesis refers to
|
a. |
the combination of
Mendelian and blending inheritance. |
|
b. |
the combination of anthropology
and biology. |
|
c. |
the combination of modern
genetics and Darwinism. |
|
d. |
the combination of modern
anthropology with animal behavior. |
ANS:
C
DIF:
Easy
REF: The Genetics of Continuous Variation
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Remembering
18. At
the beginning of the twentieth century, geneticists
|
a. |
thought that inheritance
was fundamentally discontinuous. |
|
b. |
argued that Mendelian genetics
supported Darwin’s idea that adaptation occurs through the accumulation of
small variations. |
|
c. |
agreed that evolution
proceeded by the gradual accumulation of small changes. |
|
d. |
believed that genes had no
discernible effect on phenotypes. |
ANS:
A
DIF: Medium
REF: The Genetics of Continuous Variation
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Remembering
19. For
most continuously varying characters, offspring are intermediate between their
parents because
|
a. |
of blending inheritance. |
|
b. |
genetic transmission
involves faithful copying of the genes themselves and their reassembly into
different combinations in zygotes. |
|
c. |
mutation is constantly
introducing new alleles, some of which will produce new phenotypes. |
|
d. |
natural selection reduces
variation. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Medium
REF: How Variation Is Maintained
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Understanding
20. Which
of the following statements is correct?
|
a. |
Hidden variation is not
always present in continuously evolving traits. |
|
b. |
Selection causes genotypic
frequencies to reach equilibrium in one generation, and the distribution of
phenotypes does not change. |
|
c. |
Selection can lead to
cumulative, long-term change. |
|
d. |
Genetic variation is always
expressed as phenotypic variation. |
ANS:
C
DIF: Medium
REF: How Variation Is Maintained
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Understanding
21. Within
a few thousand generations, wolves were transformed into a variety of domestic
dogs; this transformation was due to
|
a. |
genetic drift. |
c. |
mutation. |
|
b. |
disequilibrium. |
d. |
hidden variation. |
ANS:
D
DIF:
Easy
REF: How Variation Is Maintained
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Understanding
22. Characters
are more likely to exhibit continuous variation when
|
a. |
there are no environmental
effects. |
|
b. |
they are affected by
alleles at more than one locus. |
|
c. |
inheritance is blending
rather than particulate. |
|
d. |
there are only two alleles. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Medium
REF: The Genetics of Continuous Variation
OBJ: Explain how population genetics explains the
maintenance of variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.
MSC:
Understanding
23. Continuously
varying characters
|
a. |
are affected by genes at
only one locus. |
|
b. |
have a large effect on the
phenotype. |
|
c. |
can be greatly affected by
the environment. |
|
d. |
do not help to explain how
variation is maintained. |
ANS: C
DIF: Medium
REF: The Genetics of Continuous Variation
OBJ: Explain how population genetics explains the
maintenance of variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.
MSC:
Understanding
24. The phenotypic
frequencies of a character will form a smooth, bell-shaped curve because of
|
a. |
hidden variation. |
c. |
sampling variation. |
|
b. |
environmental variation. |
d. |
mutational variation. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Medium
REF: The Genetics of Continuous Variation
OBJ: Explain how population genetics explains the
maintenance of variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.
MSC:
Understanding
25. When
genes at many loci affect a character,
|
a. |
the trait is more likely to
occur in a smooth distribution. |
|
b. |
natural selection cannot
act on the character. |
|
c. |
the environment is less
likely to affect the character. |
|
d. |
both a and c are correct. |
ANS:
A
DIF:
Easy
REF: The Genetics of Continuous Variation
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Understanding
26. Which
of the following increase(s) genetic variation?
|
a. |
Mutation |
c. |
Recombination |
|
b. |
Selection |
d. |
Both a and c |
ANS:
D
DIF: Medium
REF: How Variation Is Maintained
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Remembering
27. How
is variation maintained?
|
a. |
There is blending during
sexual reproduction. |
|
b. |
Mutations are deleterious. |
|
c. |
New variation is slowly
added by mutation. |
|
d. |
The genetic composition of
offspring is a replica of their parents. |
ANS:
C
DIF: Medium
REF: How Variation Is Maintained
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Remembering
28. Mutation
can maintain variation because
|
a. |
every mutation results in
adaptation. |
|
b. |
directional selection is
constantly working. |
|
c. |
a considerable amount of
variation is protected from selection. |
|
d. |
the rates of mutation are
very high. |
ANS:
C
DIF:
Hard
REF: How Variation Is Maintained
OBJ: Describe the genetic composition of populations
in terms of the frequencies of genes and
genotypes.
MSC:
Understanding
29. Which
of the following decreases genetic variation?
|
a. |
Mutation |
c. |
Recombination |
|
b. |
Selection |
d. |
Gene flow |
ANS:
B
DIF: Medium
REF: How Variation Is Maintained
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Remembering
30. Natural
selection
|
a. |
increases genetic variation
because adaptations are produced. |
|
b. |
decreases genetic variation
because the most adapted individuals transmit the most characters to the next
generation. |
|
c. |
decreases genetic variation
if selection is directional but increases genetic variation if selection is
stabilizing. |
|
d. |
decreases genetic variation
if selection is stabilizing but increases genetic variation if selection is
directional. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Medium
REF: How Variation Is Maintained
OBJ: Explain how population genetics explains the
maintenance of variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.
MSC:
Understanding
31. Natural
selection can move a population beyond its initial range of variation if there
is
|
a. |
mutation. |
c. |
hidden variation. |
|
b. |
fixation. |
d. |
both a and c. |
ANS:
D
DIF:
Hard
REF: How Variation Is Maintained
OBJ: Explain how population genetics explains the
maintenance of variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.
MSC:
Understanding
32. Natural
selection can move a population beyond its initial range of variation because
|
a. |
there is hidden variation. |
|
b. |
alleles for extreme
phenotypes are not concentrated in any one individual. |
|
c. |
there is no hidden
variation. |
|
d. |
both a and b. |
ANS:
D
DIF: Medium
REF: How Variation Is Maintained
OBJ: Explain how population genetics explains the
maintenance of variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.
MSC:
Understanding
33. The
fact that all modern breeds of dog stem from wild wolves is evidence that
|
a. |
selection can move a
population beyond its initial range of variation. |
|
b. |
there is plenty of hidden
variation. |
|
c. |
selection is weak. |
|
d. |
Both a and b are correct. |
ANS: D
DIF: Medium
REF: How Variation Is Maintained
OBJ: Explain how population genetics explains the
maintenance of variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.
MSC:
Understanding
34. Environmental
variation
|
a. |
affects genotypic
expression of characters. |
|
b. |
tends to blur together the
phenotypes associated with different genotypes. |
|
c. |
does not direct selection. |
|
d. |
has no effect on phenotype. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Medium
REF: The Genetics of Continuous Variation
OBJ: Explain how population genetics explains the
maintenance of variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.
MSC:
Understanding
35. Low
rates of mutation can maintain variation in a population because many different
genotypes generate intermediate phenotypes that are favored by ________
selection.
|
a. |
stabilizing |
c. |
directional |
|
b. |
disruptive |
d. |
All of the above. |
ANS:
A
DIF: Hard
REF: How Variation Is Maintained
OBJ: Explain how population genetics explains the
maintenance of variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.
MSC:
Applying
36. Mate
guarding of females by males in soapberry bugs probably functions
|
a. |
to protect the females from
harassment by other females. |
|
b. |
to protect the females from
predators. |
|
c. |
to stop other males from
mating with them. |
|
d. |
to stop the females from
eating. |
ANS:
C
DIF: Easy
REF: Natural Selection and Behavior
OBJ: Explain how population genetics explains the
maintenance of variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.
MSC:
Remembering
37. An
organism expresses antipredator tactics regardless of the number of predators
in the environment. This is an example of
|
a. |
behavioral canalization. |
c. |
behavioral localization. |
|
b. |
behavioral plasticity. |
d. |
both a and c. |
ANS:
A
DIF:
Easy
REF: Natural Selection and Behavior
OBJ: Understand how natural selection changes gene
frequencies in populations.
MSC: Applying
38. An
organism expresses fewer antipredator tactics when the number of predators in
the environment is low. This is an example of
|
a. |
behavioral canalization. |
c. |
behavioral localization. |
|
b. |
behavioral plasticity. |
d. |
behavioral control. |
ANS:
B
DIF:
Easy
REF: Natural Selection and Behavior
OBJ: Explain how population genetics explains the
maintenance of variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.
MSC:
Applying
39. Some
male soapberry bugs adjust their mate-guarding behavior in response to the
local environment. Males guard females more when
|
a. |
females are relatively
abundant. |
|
b. |
females are relatively
scarce. |
|
c. |
the sex ratio is skewed
toward females. |
|
d. |
the sex ratio is balanced. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Medium
REF: Natural Selection and Behavior
OBJ: Explain how natural selection shapes learned
behavior. MSC: Remembering
40. For
male soapberry bugs, behavioral plasticity is costly because
|
a. |
males must cooperate with
other males to guard females. |
|
b. |
flexibility requires longer
appendages. |
|
c. |
males will sometimes make
mistakes about the local sex ratio and behave inappropriately. |
|
d. |
flexible males have to grow
larger and therefore need more food. |
ANS:
C
DIF: Medium
REF: Natural Selection and Behavior
OBJ: Explain how natural selection shapes learned
behavior. MSC: Understanding
41. Behaviors
are more likely to be canalized if
|
a. |
there is no genetic control
of the behavior. |
|
b. |
the behavior is seen in a
variety of environments. |
|
c. |
the behavior is seen in environments
that are the same. |
|
d. |
phenotypes vary. |
ANS:
B
DIF:
Hard
REF: Natural Selection and Behavior
OBJ: Explain how natural selection shapes learned
behavior. MSC: Understanding
42. Male
soapberry bugs adjust their mate-guarding behavior
|
a. |
in places where the
environment is stable. |
|
b. |
in places where the
environment is variable. |
|
c. |
in colder climates. |
|
d. |
in wetter climates. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Medium
REF: Natural Selection and Behavior
OBJ: Explain how natural selection shapes learned
behavior. MSC: Remembering
43. The
character of “behavioral flexibility” evolved in the soapberry bug because it
|
a. |
affected reproductive
success. |
|
b. |
occurs only in stable environments. |
|
c. |
was not passed down from
father to son. |
|
d. |
made behaviorally flexible
males stronger. |
ANS:
A
DIF:
Easy
REF: Natural Selection and Behavior
OBJ: Explain how natural selection shapes learned
behavior. MSC: Understanding
44. The
environment changes so that most individuals in a population are not well
adapted to the environment. This is an example of
|
a. |
a local optimum. |
c. |
environmental drift. |
|
b. |
disequilibrium. |
d. |
genetic drift. |
ANS:
B
DIF:
Easy
REF: Disequilibrium
OBJ: Explain how natural selection shapes learned
behavior. MSC: Applying
45. Local
adaptations are called ________ constraints.
|
a. |
optimal |
c. |
developmental |
|
b. |
fixed |
d. |
genetic |
ANS:
C
DIF: Medium
REF: Local Versus Optimal Adaptations
OBJ: Explain how natural selection shapes learned
behavior. MSC: Understanding
46. Natural
selection cannot make an elephant run as fast as a cheetah and fly like a bird.
This is an example of
|
a. |
a correlated response to
selection. |
|
b. |
disequilibrium. |
|
c. |
physical constraints on
natural selection. |
|
d. |
fixation. |
ANS:
C
DIF: Medium
REF: Other Constraints on Evolution
OBJ: Explain how natural selection shapes learned
behavior. MSC: Understanding
47. Correlated
characters
|
a. |
can occur because some
genes affect more than one character. |
|
b. |
change independently. |
|
c. |
are always positively
related. |
|
d. |
make natural selection
longer. |
ANS:
A
DIF:
Easy
REF: Correlated Characters
OBJ: Explain how natural selection shapes learned
behavior. MSC: Remembering
48. During
a drought on Daphne Major, ground finches with thinner beaks would have been at
an advantage over the birds that lacked this trait. However, because beak depth
was favored by natural selection, beak width also increased. This is an example
of how selection on one character can cause other characters to change in a
________ direction.
|
a. |
positively correlated |
c. |
maladaptive |
|
b. |
fixated |
d. |
plastic |
ANS:
A
DIF:
Hard
REF: Correlated Characters
OBJ: Understand why evolution does not always
produce adaptations.
MSC: Applying
49. When
a population reaches fixation,
|
a. |
disequilibrium has
occurred. |
|
b. |
it has lost one of the two
alleles that code for a character. |
|
c. |
the mean value of a
correlated character has changed. |
|
d. |
mutation has added new
variation to the population. |
ANS:
B
DIF:
Easy
REF: Genetic Drift
OBJ: Understand why evolution does not always
produce adaptations.
MSC: Remembering
50. Constraints
on adaptation include
|
a. |
uncorrelated characters. |
c. |
local adaptations. |
|
b. |
equilibrium. |
d. |
population genetics. |
ANS:
C
DIF:
Easy
REF: Local Versus Optimal Adaptations
OBJ: Understand why evolution does not always produce
adaptations.
MSC: Understanding
51. A
correlated response to selection occurs when selection
|
a. |
indirectly increases a
trait that has no effect on survival. |
|
b. |
directly increases a trait
that has a negative effect on survival. |
|
c. |
is disruptive. |
|
d. |
is stabilizing. |
ANS:
A
DIF:
Hard
REF: Correlated Characters
OBJ: Understand why evolution does not always
produce adaptations.
MSC: Understanding
52. Humans
have a nearly insatiable appetite for sugar, fat, and salt because
|
a. |
we are in perfect
equilibrium with regard to such appetites. |
|
b. |
these appetites are always
adaptive. |
|
c. |
such appetites were
adaptive in ancient environments. |
|
d. |
these appetites are
adaptive in our modern environment. |
ANS: C
DIF: Medium
REF: Disequilibrium
OBJ: Understand why evolution does not always
produce adaptations.
MSC: Remembering
53. Genetic
drift is strongest in
|
a. |
small populations. |
c. |
medium-size populations. |
|
b. |
large populations. |
d. |
populations out of
equilibrium. |
ANS:
A
DIF:
Easy
REF: Genetic Drift
OBJ: Understand why evolution does not always
produce adaptations.
MSC: Understanding
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