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Sample Test

Chapter 3: The Birth of Philosophy

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.   How did early philosophers attempt to explain the world?

a.	By using natural rather than supernatural ideas
b.	By creating stories based on their religious beliefs
c.	By using higher mathematics
d.	By using introspection and related methods

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Conceptual    REF:   Introduction

 

2.   How have we learned much of what we know about the teachings of the earliest philosophers?

a.	Through their own writings
b.	Through civil records
c.	Through the writings of subsequent philosophers
d.	Through the writings of the religious leaders of their time

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Introduction

 

3.   Who of the following was a Milesian philosopher?

a.	Thales	c.	Xenophanes
b.	Pythagoras	d.	Parmenides

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

4.   Ancient commentators wrote that ____ was the first to draw a map of the world.

a.	Zeno	c.	Anaximander
b.	Heraclitus	d.	Melissus

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

5.   According to your text, whose linking of theory with data may qualify as the first documented scientific experiment?

a.	Protagoras	c.	Anaximenes
b.	Democritus	d.	Gorgius

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

6.   What was the focus of Thales’s philosophy?

a.	Reconciling good and evil
b.	Attributing water as the source of everything else in the natural world
c.	Finding the location of the soul in the human body
d.	Differentiating between the brain and the mind

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

7.   What term refers to the first principle from which all knowledge is created?

a.	arche	c.	animus
b.	alpha	d.	astral

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

 

8.   What do animists believe?

a.	That animals’ rights are equal to the rights of humans
b.	That all physical objects have some type of life force
c.	That the life force remains after death
d.	That there is only one soul and all humans contain a small part of it

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Application    REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

9.   According to Anaximander, aperion is ____.

a.	a primordial substance from which the four elements arose
b.	the eternal spirit of good
c.	the element formed by the combination of earth, air, fire, and water
d.	the force that powered the stars

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

10.                What did Anaximander believe about the origins of humans?

a.	Humans were created from the thoughts of the gods.
b.	Humans arose from the gardens of the gods.
c.	Humans are descended from fish.
d.	Humans have always existed.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

11.                In Anaximander’s astronomical model, the earth is represented ____.

a.	as a flat plate with the sun and stars rotating above it
b.	as a sphere around which the sun, stars, moon, and other planets revolved
c.	as a sphere traveling on a straight line through the universe, accompanied by the sun, moon, and stars
d.	as a cylinder floating immobile in space, surrounded by wheels containing the sun, moon, and stars

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Application    REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

12.                How did Anaximenes conceptualize the elements?

a.	He proposed that air is the primordial substance and the other elements can be created by transforming air.
b.	He agreed with Thales that air, fire, and earth can be created from water.
c.	He believed that there are five, not four elements: earth, air, fire, water, and time.
d.	He believed that the elements are eternal and that it is useless to hypothesize about their creation.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

13.                Why were Egyptian geometers so skilled and well-known?

a.	They included geometry in their worship rituals to please the Divine.
b.	They needed geometry to calculate the trajectory of projectiles for war conflicts.
c.	They believed geometric proofs convey magical properties when inscribed on objects.
d.	They perfected their geometric skills in order to be able to redraw property markers that were destroyed each year by the Nile.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

 

 

14.                What led Thales to animistic beliefs?

a.	His infatuation with magic
b.	His observation of animals
c.	His study of magnetism and static electricity
d.	His religious beliefs

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

15.                Who is regarded by many as the first philosopher (Russell, 1945)?

a.	Thales	c.	Sophocles
b.	Pythagoras	d.	Xenophanes

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Milesian Philosophers

 

16.                Pythagoras believed that the soul is ____.

a.	eternal and transmigrates after death
b.	composed of a fifth element in addition to the four fundamental elements
c.	only developed after a male has matured and is capable of ethical reasoning
d.	judged to be either good or bad after death based on its weight

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Early Growth and Development of Philosophy

 

17.                Which of the following is true of Pythagoras?

a.	He left no writings about his philosophy.
b.	He lived his entire life in a small town, from which he never traveled.
c.	His influence waned rapidly after his death and was virtually unknown by other ancients.
d.	He was a gifted mathematician.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Early Growth and Development of Philosophy

 

18.                Xenophanes wrote that if horses and cattle could do so, they would create gods in their own images. How is this statement typically interpreted?

a.	It ridicules the gods of rural residents and favors those of individuals who lived in the larger towns.
b.	It supports the idea that there are many gods for many purposes.
c.	It recognizes that all living beings possess a portion of divinity and must therefore be honored.
d.	It is critical of the prevailing pantheistic religion and argues that there is a higher god that is unknowable.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Conceptual    REF:   Early Growth and Development of Philosophy

 

19.                Xenophanes viewed complex phenomena as ____.

a.	combinations of simpler phenomena
b.	fundamentally different from simpler phenomena
c.	based on simpler phenomena but more than the simple combination of simpler phenomena
d.	representing the actions of higher level gods

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Conceptual    REF:   Early Growth and Development of Philosophy

 

20.                Heraclitus believed that the original element was ____.

a.	earth	c.	fire
b.	air	d.	water

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Early Growth and Development of Philosophy

21.                What was the focus of much of Heraclitus’s writing?

a.	opposites	c.	the elements
b.	gods	d.	cosmology

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Early Growth and Development of Philosophy

 

22.                Who was the founder of the Eleatics?

a.	Parmenides	c.	Pythagoras
b.	Thales	d.	Xenophanes

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Eleatic Philosophy

 

23.                Who, among the following, was most interested in paradoxes?

a.	Empedocles	c.	Anaximander
b.	Anaxagoras	d.	Zeno

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Eleatic Philosophy

 

24.                Who wrote in prose to make his thoughts and conclusions easier to follow?

a.	Parmenides	c.	Zeno
b.	Melissus	d.	Pythagoras

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Eleatic Philosophy

 

25.                Which statement is most consistent with the beliefs of materialism?

a.	Everything in the universe, including mental states, consists of matter.
b.	Possession of material objects is the primary goal of human life.
c.	Only by understanding matter can we understand philosophy.
d.	Gods are made of matter and the destruction of matter is a type of blasphemy.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Conceptual    REF:   Eleatic Philosophy

 

26.                Which statement is most consistent with the beliefs of rationalism?

a.	Anything, including evil, can be rationalized.
b.	The human mind cannot apply rational thought to the divine.
c.	Emphasizing rational thought is a form of idolatry.
d.	The universe can only be explained through human thought.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Conceptual    REF:   Eleatic Philosophy

 

27.                Which of the following is one of the characteristics Parmenides assigned to the cosmos?

a.	finite	c.	perishable
b.	ungenerated	d.	unbalanced

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Eleatic Philosophy

 

28.                According to Parmenides, why had earlier philosophers been mistaken about the cosmos?

a.	They had relied too much on information from their own senses.
b.	They had relied too much on rational thought.
c.	They assumed the cosmos was constant and unchanging.
d.	They assumed the cosmos was unmoving.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Eleatic Philosophy

 

 

29.                What does reductio ad absurdum mean?

a.	To reduce a pompous individual by making jokes at his or her expense
b.	To follow the suggestions of one’s teachers until one can formulate independent thought
c.	To expect nothing from life because it is, in essence, absurd
d.	To demolish an argument by following its logical steps until an absurd conclusion is reached

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Application    REF:   Eleatic Philosophy

 

30.                Which of the following did Melissus introduce?

a.	The idea of the void or nothingness	c.	The concept of reincarnation
b.	The scientific method	d.	The role of contradiction in philosophy

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Eleatic Philosophy

 

31.                What did Empedocles believe about the four Greek elements?

a.	They are changeless.
b.	They cannot be combined.
c.	They each exist in two forms that are the opposite of each other.
d.	They are all derived from a single source.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Later Greek Philosophers

 

32.                Which of the following forces did Empedocles propose?

a.	life and death	c.	male and female
b.	love and strife	d.	animus and anima

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Later Greek Philosophers

 

33.                What role did Empedocles assign to love?

a.	Love is a direct manifestation of the presence of the gods.
b.	Love is a dream that made the harshness of life tolerable.
c.	Love inevitably produces war.
d.	Love unites the four elements in the development of the universe.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Later Greek Philosophers

 

34.                How did Empedocles account for perception?

a.	Perception is an illusion produced by the interaction of life forces.
b.	All objects give off emanations of themselves and those emanations are perceived by sense organs.
c.	All perceptions reflect the interaction of the human mind with the divine mind.
d.	Perceptions were based on ideas of objects and did not necessarily directly reflect the objects.

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Conceptual    REF:   Later Greek Philosophers

 

35.                Empedocles proposed that ____.

a.	life sprang, perfectly formed, from the minds of the gods
b.	life is an illusion created by the gods
c.	life was created when strife separated the elements that had been united by love
d.	life is essentially unknowable because we, ourselves, are alive

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Later Greek Philosophers

 

36.                What did Anaxagoras believe about the elements?

a.	Only one unchanging element exists.
b.	Combinations of elements are, like the elements, eternal.
c.	The concept of the elements is eternal, but the elements themselves are transient.
d.	More than four unchanging elements exist.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Later Greek Philosophers

 

37.                Anaxagoras believed that the mind ____.

a.	is not material
b.	is motivated and organized
c.	exists in all things
d.	has no relation to the physical world

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Later Greek Philosophers

 

38.                Why was Anaxagoras banished from Athens?

a.	He did not accept the traditional gods.
b.	He refused to study mathematics.
c.	He taught women.
d.	He advocated overthrow of the government.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Later Greek Philosophers

 

39.                What idea did Leucippus and Democritus introduce?

a.	The distinction between the brain and the mind
b.	The atom
c.	The solar system
d.	The afterlife

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Later Greek Philosophers

 

40.                How did Democritus account for perception?

a.	Objects give off eidola, or thin ribbons of atoms, that strike the sense organs and create perceptions.
b.	Perceptions are a function of the elements and are, like the elements, eternal.
c.	Perceptions are made of elements but are corrupted by residing in imperfect human minds.
d.	Objects only exist to the extent they are perceived; thus, perception creates the world.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Later Greek Philosophers

 

41.                What is Protagoras best known for teaching?

a.	law	c.	rhetoric
b.	mathematics	d.	logic

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Sophism

 

42.                What theoretical approach proposes that no universal values exist?

a.	humanism	c.	atheism
b.	relativism	d.	unitarianism

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Sophism

 

 

 

43.                What theoretical approach proposes that nothing that exists can be known or communicated?

a.	existentialism	c.	nihilism
b.	materialism	d.	animism

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Sophism

 

44.                Sophism ____.

a.	restricted natural philosophy from the study of everything to primarily the study of humans and their words
b.	assigned a primary role to the actions of the divine in all human experience
c.	created methodologies for the study of the natural world that eventually became the scientific method
d.	expanded on the number and nature of the eternal elements and identified their role in creation

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Conceptual    REF:   Sophism

 

45.                The Athenian democratic government ____.

a.	consisted of ten individuals who were elected each year
b.	included only adult, native-born males
c.	was subordinate to the monarchy
d.	allowed women to vote, although their votes counted less than those of men

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Pericles and Athens’s Golden Age

 

46.                What change did Pericles introduce to the Athenian Assembly?

a.	He included male slaves owned by citizens.
b.	He included adult, native-born females.
c.	He included adult males who were not property owners.
d.	He dissolved it in favor of imperial government.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Pericles and Athens’s Golden Age

 

47.                The Athenian judicial system ____.

a.	allowed individuals who were convicted to suggest alternative sentences
b.	was rarely utilized, since bringing suit and losing it resulted in loss of property
c.	relied on a single judge for trial and sentencing
d.	included an appeal system similar to those of current legal systems

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Pericles and Athens’s Golden Age

 

48.                How did early psychologists and ancient philosophers differ in their use of introspection?

a.	Ancient philosophers did not believe introspection produced useful information.
b.	Early psychologists restricted its use to treating those with psychopathology.
c.	Early psychologists used it in an experimental fashion.
d.	Ancient philosophers used it as a codified and systematic protocol.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Conceptual    REF:   Pericles and Athens’s Golden Age

 

49.                Socrates most emphasized ____.

a.	the universe	c.	the rejection of the world
b.	ethics	d.	belief in purpose

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Pericles and Athens’s Golden Age

 

50.                Aristotle most emphasized ____.

a.	the universe	c.	the rejection of the world
b.	ethics	d.	belief in purpose

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Pericles and Athens’s Golden Age

 

Chapter 5: From Philosophy to Faith

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.   Which philosophers were the first to develop alternatives to purely supernatural explanations of their religious beliefs?

a.	Christian	c.	Islamic
b.	Greek	d.	Jewish

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Zeitgeist: Religion

 

2.   Jews circumcised their male children in order to ____.

a.	punish the parents whose faith was weak	c.	cleanse the children’s souls
b.	demonstrate their faith	d.	purify the physical body for the afterlife

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Application    REF:   Zeitgeist: Religion

 

3.   The long-running conflict between Christianity and Islam led to the reemergence of ____.

a.	architecture	c.	public prayer
b.	philosophy	d.	medicine

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Conceptual    REF:   Introduction

 

4.   The “jizya” was ____.

a.	a special type of clothing worn by non-Muslims
b.	the sacred book of Islam
c.	a special tax paid by Christians and Jews who did not convert to Islam
d.	a derogatory term that referred to Jews who did not convert to Christianity

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Introduction

 

5.   Which conquerors showed little religious tolerance in giving pagans the option to convert or die?

a.	Christian	c.	Islamic
b.	Jewish	d.	Greek

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Introduction

 

6.   Alcmaeon wrote a book in which he proposed that human beings and animals could both perceive the world but only humans could understand what they perceived. What is the title of this book?

a.	“City of God”	c.	“On Nature”
b.	“The Incoherence of Incoherence”	d.	“Confessions”

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

7.   Who called the brain the seat of intelligence?

a.	Alcmaeon	c.	Galen
b.	Hippocrates	d.	Philo

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

 

 

 

 

8.   Alcmaeon was the first to suggest that the soul ____.

a.	was immortal
b.	did not exist
c.	was another name for God
d.	could be reincarnated into different forms

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

9.   Hippocrates is known as the “father of medicine” because ____.

a.	he was the first medicinal herbalist
b.	he strongly rejected supernatural explanations of illness and disease
c.	he strongly believed that the body could not cure itself without medicinal support
d.	of the neuroanatomical discoveries he made by dissecting cadavers

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

10.                Hippocrates’ medical practice was dominated by humorism. Patients diagnosed with an excess of yellow bile were described as ____.

a.	apathetic and unemotional	c.	melancholic or depressed
b.	hopeful, cheerful, and spirited	d.	irritable and grumpy

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

11.                According to Hippocrates, patients with personalities that were hopeful, cheerful, and spirited probably had an excess of blood. This humor was linked to which Greek element?

a.	air	c.	fire
b.	earth	d.	water

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

12.                Who was the first Greek physician to describe how muscles worked in opposing pairs?

a.	Alcmaeon	c.	Galen
b.	Hippocrates	d.	Pergamum

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

13.                Which Greek physician mistakenly assumed that humans possessed a “rete mirabile,” a complex vascular network associated with heat exchange in certain animals such as cows?

a.	Alcmaeon	c.	Galen
b.	Hippocrates	d.	Philo

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

14.                The word “pagan” comes from the Latin word “paganus,” which means ____.

a.	non-believer	c.	country dweller
b.	anti-Christ	d.	unenlightened one

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Neo-Platonism

 

15.                Philo’s education included two traditions that he sought to reconcile in his later thoughts and writings. What were these?

a.	Christian and Greek	c.	Jewish and Islamic
b.	Christian and Islamic	d.	Jewish and Greek

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Neo-Platonism

16.                During the time of Philo, Judaism and Christianity disagreed on ____.

a.	the importance of the Eucharist
b.	whether Jesus was God or a God-made-man
c.	moral and ethical beliefs
d.	how pagans should be punished or ostracized for their beliefs

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Neo-Platonism

 

17.                Plotinus’ goal was to create a new version of Greek philosophy that would preserve its search for virtue and, at the same time, offer people ____.

a.	a way to appreciate the teachings of Judaism
b.	the hope for personal salvation
c.	the philosophical tools they need to understand God
d.	a spiritual “roadmap” to receiving divine grace

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Neo-Platonism