Health Psychology 10th Edition by Taylor – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 03

Health Behaviors

 

1.   Which of the following statements best defines health promotion?

2.   A. a philosophy that good health is a personal and collective achievement

3.   the practice of preventing a disease rather than curing it

4.   the performance of a health behavior automatically without awareness

5.   a social activity designed to enhance and maximize awareness

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2.   A(n) _____ may initially develop because it is reinforced by a positive outcome, but it eventually becomes independent of the reinforcement process.

3.   intervention

4.   appeal

5.   precontemplation

6.   D. health habit

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3.   A health habit is a health behavior that

4.   is only performed under the supervision of health specialists.

5.   is especially important for at-risk individuals to adopt.

6.   is not always beneficial to an individual’s metabolism and immune system.

7.   D. is often performed automatically, without awareness.

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4.   The ________ measures the degree to which people perceive their health to be under their personal control, control by the health practitioner, or chance.

5.   A. health locus of control scale

6.   window of vulnerability scale

7.   health belief model

8.   abstinence violation effect

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5.   Russell had a few drinks for the first time at a party, and he woke up the next day with a splitting headache. He thought his vision was blurred, and he could barely remember what he had planned for the day. He instantly realized that he may be vulnerable to health risks because of alcohol and decided to quit drinking immediately. In this scenario, Russell’s health habits are most likely to be controlled by

6.   his personal goals.

7.   B. perceived symptoms.

8.   social influence.

9.   his intelligence.

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6.   People who are identified as intelligent in childhood

7.   are highly likely to take calculated health risks in adulthood.

8.   will be very knowledgeable in adulthood, but less healthy.

9.   may develop cognitive distortions in adulthood.

10.                D. have good health-related biological profiles in adulthood.

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7.   Threatening messages that are designed to change health behaviors can cause ________ and lead people to respond defensively.

8.   A. psychological distress

9.   physiological symptoms

10.                negative perceptions

11.                physical stress

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8.   Health promotion efforts most commonly capitalize on

9.   personal control.

10.                personal goals.

11.                values.

12.                D. teachable moments.

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9.   Focusing health promotions on at-risk people is beneficial because

10.                it is obvious that people who are not at risk are more likely to stay healthy.

11.                it is easier to prevent health problems among those who are not at risk.

12.                C. it helps to identify other factors that may increase risk.

13.                it helps to gradually reduce their risk.

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10.                Most people do not perceive their risks correctly, and they view their poor health behaviors as shared by everyone. This perception is often

11.                A. unrealistically optimistic.

12.                unrealistically pessimistic.

13.                socially influenced.

14.                unambiguous.

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11.                Educational appeals make the assumption that

12.                people who are predisposed to depression are likely to react especially poorly to information about their risks.

13.                people from families with a familial disorder are likely to know that their personal risk is higher.

14.                C. people will change their health habits if they have good information about their habits.

15.                people are afraid that a particular habit is hurting their health and that they will change their behavior to reduce their fear.

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12.                ________ messages are more persuasive for encouraging health behaviors with certain outcomes.

13.                Prevention

14.                Promotion-oriented

15.                Negative

16.                D. Positive

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13.                ________ is the belief that one can control one’s practice of a particular behavior.

14.                Health locus of control

15.                Self-esteem

16.                Self criticism

17.                D. Self efficacy

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14.                The ________ Theory examines how people appraise health threats and how they appraise their abilities to manage threats.

15.                Implementation Intention

16.                B. Protection Motivation

17.                Self-Determination

18.                Planned Behavior

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15.                According to the theory of planned behavior, behavioral intentions

16.                A. are made up of attitudes toward a specific action, subjective norms regarding the action, and perceived behavioral control.

17.                depend on perceived health threats, perceived threat reduction, and perceived behavioral control.

18.                are made up of three components, namely autonomous motivation, perceived competence and perceived behavioral control.

19.                depend on perceptions of vulnerability, magnitude of health threat, and perceived behavioral control.

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16.                ________ is the perception that one can perform an action and that the action will have the intended effect.

17.                Perceived vulnerability

18.                Perceived threat reduction

19.                Perceived health threat

20.                D. Perceived behavioral control

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17.                In the context of health behavior, ________ is defined as the conscious and unconscious ways in which people control their own actions, emotions, and thoughts.

18.                self reinforcement

19.                self affirmation

20.                C. self regulation

21.                self monitoring

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18.                ________ is experienced when individuals have free will and choice to make decisions regarding health behavior change.

19.                Self reinforcement

20.                Locus of control

21.                C. Autonomous motivation

22.                Perceived competence

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19.                ________ refers to the belief that one is capable of making a health behavior change.

20.                Assertiveness

21.                Framing

22.                Actualizing

23.                D. Competence

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20.                When a person desires to practice a health behavior, it can be achieved by making a plan that links critical situations or environmental cues to goal-directed responses. This is emphasized in the

21.                A. implementation intentions model.

22.                self-determination theory.

23.                health belief model.

24.                transtheoretical model.

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21.                The rationale underlying self monitoring is that

22.                A. people must understand the dimensions of a poor health habit before a change can begin.

23.                people should believe that a health measure will reduce potential health threats.

24.                people should be afraid of their poor health habits in order to induce change.

25.                people will change their health habits if they have good information about their habits.

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22.                A discriminative stimulus is important because

23.                it helps in distracting an individual from performing a target behavior.

24.                its occurrence helps to eliminate a target behavior.

25.                C. it signals that a positive reinforcement will occur.

26.                it is incapable of eliciting a target behavior.

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23.                Brenda has been trying to lose weight and control her seemingly insatiable sweet tooth. To meet her goal, she has removed all cookies, candies, and ice cream from her kitchen cabinets and her refrigerator. She has kept a bowl of fresh fruits on the kitchen counter to occasionally snack on. In this case, Brenda is practicing

24.                vicarious self-control.

25.                self-punishment.

26.                C. stimulus control.

27.                self-reinforcement.

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24.                The use of Antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism involves having the client sip his or her favorite drink while ingesting Antabuse. After several pairings, alcohol becomes associated with the Antabuse and elicits a(n)

25.                A. conditioned response.

26.                conditioned stimulus.

27.                unconditioned response.

28.                unconditioned stimulus.

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25.                Classical conditioning is the pairing of a(n) ________ with a new stimulus to produce a conditioned reflex.

26.                conditioned stimulus

27.                unconditioned response

28.                C. unconditioned reflex

29.                conditioned response

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26.                Cognitive-behavior therapy focuses heavily on

27.                the perception of a personal health threat and perceived threat reduction.

28.                B. the beliefs that people hold about their health habits.

29.                persuasive messages that elicit fear.

30.                educating and changing attitudes.

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27.                The use of positive reinforcements, such as money or new clothing, to encourage weight loss in an obesity treatment program is an example of

28.                shaping.

29.                modeling.

30.                C. operant conditioning.

31.                classical conditioning.

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28.                ________ is when a person acts as his or her own therapist, along with guidance from outside, in order to modify the antecedents and consequences of a target behavior.

29.                A. Self control

30.                Self efficacy

31.                Self talk

32.                Self-actualization

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29.                Wanda’s weight-loss counselor has observed that she has a self-defeating pattern of beliefs and cognitions about her inability to control overeating. Specifically, when she eats something that is not allowed on her diet, she instantly loses hope and ponders over her weak willpower. Wanda’s counselor is trying to encourage her to think otherwise and continue with her diet routine even if she waivers a few times. In this case, the therapist is utilizing a technique called

30.                A. cognitive restructuring.

31.                positive reinforcement.

32.                self monitoring.

33.                self punishment.

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30.                A behavioral response is most resistant to extinction if it is maintained by a ________ reinforcement schedule.

31.                continuous

32.                B. variable

33.                random

34.                static

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31.                Self reinforcement involves

32.                learning that occurs from witnessing another person perform a behavior.

33.                B. systematically rewarding oneself to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior.

34.                forming a contract with another person detailing what rewards or punishments are contingent on the performance of a behavior.

35.                home practice activities that support the goals of a therapeutic intervention.

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32.                Fred wants to lose 20 pounds. He places 20 one-pound boxes of lard in the refrigerator. As his weight-loss program proceeds, he removes one box of lard each time he succeeds in losing a pound. In this instance, Fred is using

33.                positive self punishment.

34.                negative self punishment.

35.                positive self reward.

36.                D. negative self reward.

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33.                Positive self punishment involves

34.                rewarding oneself with something desirable after successful modification of a behavior.

35.                B. administering an unpleasant stimulus to punish an undesirable behavior.

36.                withdrawing a positive reinforcement in the environment each time an undesirable behavior is performed.

37.                removing an aversive factor in the environment after successful modification of a target behavior.

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34.                ________ is learning that occurs from witnessing another person perform a behavior.

35.                Classical conditioning

36.                Operant conditioning

37.                C. Modeling

38.                Guided participation

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35.                The most important principle in modeling is

36.                synergy.

37.                differentiation.

38.                C.

39.                persuasion.

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36.                Rhonda entered into an agreement with her friend, Nancy, in an attempt to establish a regular exercise program. According to their agreement, Nancy must pay $1 to Rhonda every day that she exercises for at least 30 minutes. If she fails to do so, Rhonda must pay $1 to Nancy. This is an example of

37.                self-reward.

38.                a token economy.

39.                C. contingency contracting.

40.                vicarious reinforcement.

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37.                Which of the following is an advantage of using behavioral assignments?

38.                The therapist becomes involved in the treatment.

39.                The therapist produces an analysis of the behavior that is useful in planning interventions.

40.                The client commits to the treatment program only when a legal agreement is established.

41.                D. The client gradually takes up responsibility for behavior change.

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38.                Which of the following is a technique used in relaxation training?

39.                self-talk

40.                B. deep breathing

41.                hypnosis

42.                debriefing

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39.                Adolescents often begin to drink or smoke to reduce their nervousness in social situations by trying to communicate a cool and sophisticated image. This behavior is usually a response to

40.                depression.

41.                medication.

42.                C. social anxiety.

43.                relapse.

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40.                ________ is a feeling of loss of control that results when a person has violated self-imposed rules.

41.                Relapse

42.                Social anxiety

43.                Window of vulnerability

44.                D. Abstinence violation effect

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41.                Relapse is more likely when an individual

42.                is over performing at work.

43.                B. experiences negative affect.

44.                has socially appropriate behaviors.

45.                is unaware of treatment programs.

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42.                An intervention package to cope with social anxiety is most likely to include

43.                A. assertiveness training.

44.                dietary changes.

45.                fear appeals.

46.                social engineering.

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43.                ________ involves restructuring the environment to avoid situations that evoke a target behavior.

44.                Modeling

45.                Discriminative stimulus

46.                C. Cue elimination

47.                Preparation

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44.                Long-term maintenance of a behavior change can be promoted by leading a person to make other health-oriented lifestyle changes. This technique is called

45.                operant conditioning.

46.                cognitive restructuring.

47.                social engineering.

48.                D. lifestyle rebalancing.

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45.                In the precontemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change, people

46.                modify their behavior to overcome the problem.

47.                intend to change their behavior but have not yet done so successfully.

48.                C. have no intention of changing their behavior.

49.                are aware that they have a problem and are thinking about it.

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46.                In the ________ stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change, people are aware that they have a problem and are thinking about it but have not yet made a commitment to taking action.

47.                maintenance

48.                B. contemplation

49.                action

50.                preparation

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47.                Julian has decided to lose 15 pounds. He is concerned about the amount of fat he consumes and suspects that his cholesterol levels are high. He has purchased a popular book on low-fat diets, and has decided to go walking thrice a week after he buys a new pair of walking shoes next week. According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, Julian is in the ________ stage of behavior change.

48.                precontemplation

49.                contemplation

50.                C. preparation

51.                action

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48.                The ________ stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change requires the commitment of time and energy to achieve real behavior change.

49.                contemplation

50.                maintenance

51.                preparation

52.                D. action

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49.                In the ________ stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change, people work to prevent relapse and to consolidate the gains they have made.

50.                contemplation

51.                preparation

52.                C. maintenance

53.                action

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50.                According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, interventions that emphasize providing self reinforcement, social support, stimulus control, and coping skills are likely to be most successful with individuals

51.                moving through the precontemplation phase into the contemplation phase.

52.                in the contemplation phase.

53.                in the preparation phase.

54.                D. moving through the action phase into the long-term maintenance phase.

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51.                In the context of behavior change, which of the following scenarios exemplifies a perceived barrier?

52.                A. a family without health insurance not getting their children vaccinated

53.                an adolescent girl resorting to smoking to reduce her nervousness in social situations

54.                a man believing that dietary change would not reduce his risk of a heart attack

55.                a woman suffering from stress caused by the recognition of her risk of getting breast cancer

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52.                ________ involves modifying the environment to affect one’s ability to practice a particular health behavior.

53.                A. Social engineering

54.                Reconstruction

55.                Cognitive restructuring

56.                Passive retraining

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53.                Identify an example of social engineering.

54.                staying away from bars to avoid drinking

55.                ridding one’s home of unhealthy and fattening foods

56.                obtaining training to improve social skills

57.                D. banning smoking in the workplace

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54.                Family physicians may be particularly effective agents in promoting health-related attitudes and behaviors because

55.                individuals are more likely to follow a suggested treatment if they are paying for professional advice.

56.                individual behavior modification programs are unsuccessful compared to social engineering efforts.

57.                they recommend one-to-one approaches that are inexpensive and the most efficient for changing health habits.

58.                D. they are highly credible sources and their recommendations have the force of expertise behind them.

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55.                Which of the following statements is true of health interventions?

56.                Health interventions are ineffective in college.

57.                B. Community-based interventions reach more people than interventions in schools.

58.                Workplace interventions typically increase health care costs to organizations.

59.                Community-based interventions typically bring about drastic behavior change.

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56.                Which of the following is a difference between community-based interventions and individually based interventions?

57.                A. Community-based interventions can build on social support for reinforcing health changes, whereas individually based interventions focus only on the individual.

58.                Community-based interventions are restricted to a limited environment, whereas individual-based interventions reach more people.

59.                Community-based interventions are more influential among older adults, whereas individually based interventions are more successful among adolescents.

60.                Community-based interventions can bring about significant changes among participants, whereas individually based interventions bring about only modest changes.

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57.                Mass media campaigns usually bring about

58.                insignificant health changes.

59.                drastic attitude changes.

60.                long-term behavior changes.

61.                D. modest attitude changes.

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58.                Health habits usually develop in childhood and begin to stabilize around age 20 or 25.

FALSE

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59.                The first and most common strategy of primary prevention is to get people to alter their problematic health behaviors.

TRUE

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60.                The window of vulnerability for smoking and drug use is typically associated with adulthood.

FALSE

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61.                Testing positive for a risk factor usually leads people into needless worry or hypervigilant behavior.

TRUE

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62.                Promotion-oriented messages may be more successful in getting people to initiate behavior change, and prevention messages may be more helpful in getting them to maintain behavior change over time.

TRUE

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63.                Perceived threat reduction is the perception that one can perform an action, and that action will have the intended effect.

FALSE

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64.                Cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions use several complementary methods to intervene in the modification of a target problem and its context.

TRUE

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65.                In motivational interviewing, there is no effort to dismantle the denial or irrational beliefs that often accompany bad health behaviors.

TRUE

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66.                Self talk helps participants to talk themselves through tempting situations.

TRUE

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67.                In the context of the transtheoretical model of behavior change, relapse is the exception rather than the rule with most health behaviors.

FALSE

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68.                According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, interventions designed to get people to make explicit commitments as to when and how they will change their behavior is most likely to help bridge the gap between the precontemplation stage and the contemplation stage.

FALSE

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69.                Contrary to popular belief, health behaviors of characters in soap operas, dramas, and comedies do not affect health behaviors of viewers.

FALSE

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70.                Have the patterns of disease in the United States changed since the turn of the twentieth century? Considering the current trends, explain the importance of lifestyle rebalancing.

Patterns of disease in the United States have changed substantially in the twentieth century. There has been a decline in acute infectious disorders due to changes in public health standards, but there has been an increase in preventable disorders. It is clear that the role of behavioral factors have led to the development of these disorders. Therefore, it is essential to make lifestyle changes such as adding an exercise program or using stress management techniques to promote health. Long-term maintenance of behavior change can be promoted by leading an individual to make other health-oriented lifestyle changes. This technique is termed lifestyle rebalancing. This helps to promote a healthy lifestyle and reduce the likelihood of relapse.

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71.                As a philosophy, how is health promotion viewed differently by different people?

Health promotion is a philosophy that good health or wellness is a personal and collective achievement. Individuals view it as developing a program of good health habits. Medical practitioners view it as teaching people how to achieve a healthy lifestyle and helping people at risk for particular health problems offset or monitor those risks. Health psychologists consider it the development of interventions to help people practice healthy behaviors. For community and national policy makers, it involves emphasizing good health and providing information and resources to help people change poor health habits.

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72.                How effective are educational appeals in changing attitudes toward health behaviors?

Educational appeals make the assumption that people will change their health habits if they have good information about their habits. Early and continuing efforts to change health habits focused heavily on education and changing attitudes. Some of the following characteristics of educational appeals can make them especially persuasive:

• The communicator should be an expert, prestigious, trustworthy, likable, and similar to the audience.
• Strong arguments should be presented at the beginning and at the end of a message.
• Messages should be short, clear, and direct, and state conclusions explicitly.
• Communications should be colorful and vivid rather than steeped in statistics and jargon. If possible, they should also use case histories.

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73.                Charles is a college student who smokes cigarettes. Use the health belief model to explain why Charles continues to smoke even though he is aware of the Surgeon General’s warning about the relationship between cigarettes and cancer or heart disease.

The health belief model depends on two factors: whether a person perceives a personal threat, or whether a person believes that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat. The latter also consists of two components: whether the person thinks the health practice will be effective, and whether the cost of undertaking that measure exceeds its benefits. Therefore, if an individual thinks that the effectiveness of undertaking a program would interfere with his or her current lifestyle, the individual might not want to undertake such an action. Although Charles knows the potential dangers of his habit, he is reluctant to modify his behavior as it will interfere with his current enjoyment.

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74.                How is the Internet useful in contributing toward health interventions? What are the advantages of using the Internet for cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) interventions?

The Internet provides information and low-cost access to health interventions for millions of people. Websites for smoking cessation and other health habits have been developed, and computer-tailored lifestyle interventions targeting multiple risk factors are also available. The Internet can also be used to augment the effectiveness of other interventions such as school-based smoking cessation programs or interventions with patient groups. Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) interventions for health habit modification delivered via the Internet are as effective as face-to-face interventions, and they have advantages of being low cost, saving therapists’ time, reducing waitlist and travel time, and providing interventions to people who might not seek out a therapist on their own. The Internet also enables researchers to recruit a large number of participants for studies at relatively low costs, thus enabling data collection related to health habits. Thus, the Internet is a low-cost tool for health interventions.

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Category                                                                                                                                                  # of Questions

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Chapter 05

Health-Compromising Behaviors

 

1.   In any kind of intervention, the _____ is the best predictor of success.

2.   physician

3.   spouse

4.   C. patient

5.   family

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2.   According to Fradklin et al., 2015, problem behaviors such as obesity, smoking, and alcoholism are:

3.   A. more prevalent in adolescents from low social classes than adolescents from high social classes.

4.   more prevalent in young men than young women.

5.   easier to treat medically than through social interventions.

6.   easier to quit for people low in socioeconomic status than people high in socioeconomic status.

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3.   An excessive accumulation of fat in the body is known as

4.   A.

5.   bulimia.

6.   anorexia.

7.   diabetes.

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4.   Fat should ideally constitute about _____ percent of body tissue in women.

5.   30–35

6.   6–13

7.   15–19

8.   D. 20–27

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5.   Obesity is a chief cause of

6.   lung cancer.

7.   memory loss.

8.   C.

9.   drug abuse.

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6.   _____ is an especially potent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.

7.   A. Abdominally localized fat

8.   Localized fat in the hips

9.   Fat in the thighs

10.                Fat in the buttocks

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7.   Fat tissue produces _____ that exacerbate diseases related to inflammatory processes.

8.   immunomodulatory proteins

9.   B. proinflammatory cytokines

10.                inflammatory smears

11.                epidermal keratins

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8.   Which of the following statements is true of obesity?

9.   A. Often overlooked risks of obesity are psychological distress and depression.

10.                Heightened levels of cytokines in obese people reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.

11.                Women in high socioeconomic statuses are prone to obesity due to their consumption of high-fat foods.

12.                Surgical procedures, such as liposuction, are the best way to control obesity.

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9.   The protein secreted by fat cells to signal neurons in the hypothalamus about the energy stores of fat in the body is called

10.                dopamine.

11.                albumin.

12.                C.

13.                ghrelin.

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10.                _____, a hunger-stimulating hormone, is secreted by specialized cells in the stomach.

11.                A. Ghrelin

12.                Leptin

13.                Albumin

14.                Dopamine

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11.                Obesity depends on both the number and size of fat cells, and moderately obese people are said to have

12.                a large number of small fat cells.

13.                an average number of small fat cells.

14.                a large number of large fat cells.

15.                D. an average number of large fat cells.

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