Guyton And Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology -12 Edition by John E. Hall – Test Bank
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Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th
Edition
Chapter 03: Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function,
and Cell Reproduction
Test Bank
1. Facioscapulohumeral
muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is characterized by the deletion of a DNA sequence on
chromosome 4q35. This deletion correlates with both the inability of a specific
protein complex to bind to the DNA and an overexpression of the genes upstream
of the deletion. The sequence deleted in FSHD most likely functions
normally as:
A.
An activator protein
1. A
repressor protein
2. An
activator element
3. A
repressor element
4. A
promoter sequence
ANS: D
2. In
comparing two cell types from the same person (e.g. a neuron and an epithelial
cell) the variation in their proteomes, or the proteins expressed by each cell
type, reflects:
3. Differences
in the DNA contained in the nucleus of each cell
4. Variation
in the numbers of copies of specific genes in their respective genomes
5. Cell-dependent
expression and/or repression of specific genes
6. Differences
in the number of chromosomes in each cell
7. The
loss of genes from each genome over time
ANS: C
3. Which
of the following correctly describes the sequence of events that occur during
the synthesis and packaging of a secreted protein?
4. The
gene is transcribed in the cytosol; mRNA is translated by ribosomes bound to
“rough” endoplasmic reticulum; the protein is packaged for secretion in the
trans-Golgi network
5. The
gene is transcribed in the nucleus; RNA polymerase binds to the start codon;
the protein is packaged for secretion in the trans-Golgi network
6. Translation
is initiated in the cytosol; the protein is carried in membrane-bound vesicles
to the cis-Golgi apparatus; the protein is packaged for secretion in the
trans-Golgi network
7. Translation
is initiated in the cytosol; new polypeptide is co-transported with Na+ across
the outer ER membrane; the protein is glycosylated in the Golgi apparatus
8. Translation
is initiated by small ribosomal subunits anchored to the ER membrane; protein
is glycosylated in the Golgi apparatus; the protein is packaged into lysosomes
ANS: C
4. Which
of the following does NOT play a direct role in the process of transcription?
5. Helicase
6. RNA
polymerase
7. A
chain terminating sequence
8. “Activated”
RNA molecules
9. A
promoter sequence
ANS: A
5. “Redundancy”
or “degeneration” of the genetic code occurs during which of the following
steps of protein synthesis?
6. DNA
replication
7. Transcription
8. Post-transcriptional
modification
9. Translation
10. Protein
glycosylation
ANS: B
6. Which
of the following bases is NOT present in RNA?
1. Cytosine
2. Thymine
3. Adenine
4. Guanine
ANS: B
7. The
process of translation takes place:
1. In
the cytosol and on the surface of the “rough” endoplasmic reticulum
2. In
the nucleus and on the surface of the “rough” endoplasmic reticulum
3. In
the cytosol and the trans-Golgi network (TGN)
4. In
the nucleus and on the outer mitochondrial membrane
ANS: A
8. Which
of the following statements about translation is NOT true?
1. Multiple
ribosomes can simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule
2. Each
codon codes for one amino acid
3. One
mRNA molecule can code for multiple proteins, depending on which start codon is
recognized by the small ribosomal subunit
4. Translation
is terminated when the release factor binds to the stop codon
ANS: C
9. The
following statements accurately describe the process of DNA replication EXCEPT:
1. The
entire genome is replicated only once per cell cycle
2. It
occurs during the M phase of the cell cycle
3. Nucleotides
are incorporated into the growing DNA strand at the 3’ end
4. DNA
“proofreading” is performed by DNA polymerase
ANS: C
10. The
mechanism by which allolactose regulates the transcription of the
beta-galactosidase gene is best described
as:
11. De-repression
12. Repression
13. Activation
14. Negative
feedback
15. Positive
feedback
ANS: A
11. Which
of the following does NOT occur
during the process of mitosis?
12. Replication
of the genome
13. Condensation
of the chromosomes
14. Fragmentation
of the nuclear envelope
15. Alignment
of the chromatids along the equatorial plate
16. Separation
of the chromatids into two sets of 46 “daughter” chromosomes
ANS: A
12. “Redundancy”
or “degeneration” of the genetic code occurs during which of the following
steps of protein synthesis:
13. DNA
replication
14. Transcription
15. Post-transcriptional
modification
16. Translation
17. Protein
glycosylation
ANS: B
13. The
appearance of which of the following distinguishes eukaryotic cells from lower
units of life like bacteria and viruses?
14. DNA
15. RNA
16. Membranes
17. Protein
18. Nucleus
ANS: E
Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th
Edition
Chapter 04: Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes
Test Bank
1. An
artificial membrane is created consisting of a lipid bilayer without protein
molecules in the membrane. The lipid composition of the membrane is essentially
the same as that of a normal, biological membrane. Which of the following
substances permeates the membrane more readily than water molecules?
a. Carbon
Dioxide
b. Glucose
c. Glycerol
d. Sodium
e. Urea
ANS: A
2. A
cell is equilibrated in an aqueous solution of 300 mOsm/L sodium chloride.
Which of the following best describes what will happen to cell volume when the
cell is placed in an aqueous solution of 300 mOsm/L calcium chloride?
1. Decrease
2. Decrease
and then increase
3. Increase
4. Increase
and then decrease
5. No
change
ANS: E
3. The
intracellular calcium ion concentration of ventricular muscle cells averages 10-4 mmol/L
during diastole. The calcium ion concentration in transverse tubules
(T-tubules) averages 2.5 mmol/L at rest. A protein transporter on the membrane
of the T-tubule exchanges sodium for calcium. The transporter uses the
transmembrane sodium gradient to fuel the exchange. Which of the following
transport mechanisms best describes this type of transporter?
1. Facilitated
diffusion
2. Primary
active transport
3. Secondary
active co-transport
4. Secondary
active counter-transport
5. Simple
diffusion
ANS: D
4. Human
red blood cells (RBCs) and rabbit RBCs are equilibrated in separate solutions
of isotonic saline (300 mOsm/L NaCl). The human RBCs are then placed in a
solution of 300 mOsm/L glycerol, which causes them to swell and burst. However,
rabbit RBCs placed in 300 mOsm/L glycerol neither swell nor shrink. Based on
this information, which of the following can be concluded about a 300 mOsm/L
solution of glycerol for the different cell types?
Human RBCs Rabbit
RBCs
1. Hypertonic
and hyperosmotic Hypotonic and hypoosmotic
2. Hypotonic
and hypoosmotic Hypertonic and hyperosmotic
3. Hypotonic
and isoosmotic Isotonic and isoosmotic
4. Isotonic
and hypoosmotic Isotonic and hyperosmotic
5. Isotonic
and isoosmotic Hypotonic and isoosmotic
6. Isotonic
and hyperosmotic Isotonic and isoosmotic
ANS: C
5. The
molarity of a 2% solution of NaCl is 340 mmol/L. The molecular weight of NaCl
is 58.5. What is the osmolarity of a 2% solution of NaCl (in mOsm/L)?
6. 170
7. 340
8. 510
9. 680
ANS: D
6. Secondary
active transport typically moves which of the following substances against a
concentration gradient?
Glucose Amino
acids Sodium ions
1. No No
No
2. No
No
Yes
3. Yes
No
Yes
4. Yes
Yes
No
5. Yes
Yes
Yes
ANS: D
7. Which
of the following transport mechanisms can move sodium ions across a cell
membrane?
Primary active
Secondary active Simple
transport transport
diffusion
1. No
No
No
2. No
Yes
Yes
3. Yes
No
Yes
4. Yes
Yes
No
5. Yes
Yes
Yes
ANS: E
8. The
diagram illustrates possible changes in red blood cell volume resulting from a
change in extracellular fluid composition for a cell equilibrated in a 150
mmol/L solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) at time zero. Which curve best
illustrates the volume change caused by immersion of the cell in an aqueous
solution of 300 mOsm/L calcium chloride (CaCl2)?
ANS: C
9. The
diagram illustrates possible changes in red blood cell volume resulting from a
change in extracellular fluid composition for a cell equilibrated in a 150
mmol/L solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) at time zero. Which curve best
illustrates the volume change caused by immersion of the cell in an aqueous solution
of 200 mOsm/L NaCl and 200 mOsm/L glycerol?
ANS: B
10. Which
of the following pairs of aqueous solutions will exert equal osmotic pressures
across a normal cell membrane after steady-state conditions have been
established?
Solution A
Solution B
1.
10%
albumin
10% IgG
2.
100 mmol/L
NaCl
200 mmol/L CaCl2
3.
300 mOsm/L
glucose
300 mOsm/L urea
4.
300 mOsm/L
glycerol
300 mOsm/L NaCl
5.
300 mOsm/L
glycerol
300 mOsm/L urea
ANS: E
11. Two
compartments (X and Y) are separated by a typical biological membrane (i.e.,
lipid bilayer). The concentrations of a permeant solute (i.e., urea) at time
zero are shown. Which of the drawings below represents the volumes of X and Y
when the system reaches equilibrium?
ANS: A
12. The
diagram illustrates possible changes in red blood cell volume resulting from a
change in extracellular fluid composition for a cell equilibrated in 150 mmol/L
NaCl at time zero. Which curve best illustrates the volume caused by immersion
of the cell in an aqueous solution of 150 mmol/L CaCl2?
ANS: E
13. Two
compartments (X and Y) are separated by a typical biological membrane (lipid
bilayer). The concentrations of a non-permeant molecule (glucose) at time zero
are shown. Which of the drawings below represents the volumes of X and Y when
the system reaches equilibrium?
ANS: B
14. The
diagram shows a model cell that transports substance X across the cell
membrane. The cell is equipped with a Na-K-ATPase pump as shown. Substance X
enters the cell by a coupled transport mechanism and exits the cell by
carrier-mediated diffusion. Treatment with a substance that inhibits the
Na-K-ATPase pump inhibits the transport of X by which of the following
mechanisms?
a. Decreasing
intracellular K+ concentration
b. Decreasing
intracellular Na+ concentration
c. Increasing
intracellular K+ concentration
d. Increasing
intracellular Na+ concentration
ANS: D
15. The
diagram shows a bag (with permeability characteristics similar to that of a
normal cell) that contains a 100 mM solution of urea at time zero. The bag is
placed in a beaker containing 100 mM glucose. Which of the following best
describes the tonicity and osmolarity of the glucose solution as well as any
changes in bag volume (assume that the bag volume is infinitely small compared
to beaker volume)?
Osmolarity Tonicity Bag
volume
1. Hyperosmotic
Hypertonic Decreases
2. Hyperosmotic
Hypotonic Increases
3. Hyperosmotic
Isotonic No change
4. Hypoosmotic
Hypotonic Decreases
5. Hypoosmotic
Isotonic
Increases
6. Hypoosmotic
Hypertonic No change
7. Isoosmotic
Hypertonic Decreases
8. Isoosmotic
Hypotonic
Increases
9. Isoosmotic
Isotonic No change
ANS: G
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