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Sample Test

Gangs in America’s Communities

James C. Howell

Elizabeth Griffiths

Chapter 3: Defining Gangs and Gang Members

 

1.    Who of the following applies the term “gang” most narrowly?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 43; Question Type: MC

 

1.    Concerned citizens

2.    Media broadcasters

*c. Police in large cities

1.    Police in small cities

 

2.    Which of the following is not an example of a name for “gang” in the early 20th century?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 44; Question Type: MC

 

1.    Fighting gang

2.    Chum

3.    Predatory group

*d. Bandit

 

3.    What implication of American criminologists’ lack of consistency in defining gangs do European criminologists find MOST problematic?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pg. 43; Question Type: MC

 

1.    Ineffective public policy

*b. Inconsistent research findings

1.    Expansive stigmatizing of youth and young adults

2.    Resulting confusion among law enforcement agencies

 

4.    First articulated by Thrasher in 1927, _____________ has been confirmed over time by researchers to be the most significant component of gang definitions.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 45; Question Type: MC

 

*a. conflict

1.    meeting face-to-face

2.    internal structure

3.    solidarity

 

Type: MR

5.    CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following scholars derived their definitions of gangs from their own empirical studies?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pgs. 45-46; Question Type: MS

 

1.    Klein (1971)

*b. Miller (1982, 1992)

1.    Moore (1991)

*d. Oehme (1997)

 

Type: MR

6.    CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are NOT examples of a behavior that the federal government would define as a “gang crime”?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Pg. 46; Question Type: MS

 

1.    A gang member whose last felony assault arrest was 3 years ago

*b. A gang member who has had three consecutive misdemeanor marijuana possession arrests in the last 5 years

*c. A gang member who has been arrested on felony cocaine charges with a maximum penalty of 5 years in prison

1.    A gang member who has been arrested on a felony cocaine charge with a minimum penalty of 5 years in prison

 

7.    A ___________ is the type of gang member LEAST likely to engage in violent acts.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 47; Question Type: MC

 

1.    regular member

2.    temporary member

*c. situational member

1.    peripheral member

 

8.    Which of the following research methodologies has been found best for understanding the structure of gangs and their membership?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 48; Question Type: MC

 

1.    Ethnographic field observations

2.    Focus groups

*c. Network analyses

1.    Multivariate regressions

 

9.    Which of the following is NOT a component of the “Freemont Hustlers” gang?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 48; Question Type: MC

 

*a. The gang was boys only.

1.    Members involved did not talk about the gang’s structure.

2.    They had no set leader.

3.    There was no written set of rules.

 

Type: MR

10.  CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are names of 18th Street cliques, or “klikas”?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 49; Question Type: MS

 

*a. Pico Gardens

*b. Continentals

*c. Sinners

1.    Freemont Hustlers

 

11.  Which of the following is NOT an example of a typical crime committed by a “street gang”?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Pg. 50; Question Type: MC

 

1.    A double murder

*b. Engaging in a tagging battle

1.    A car-jacking

2.    Trafficking of illegal firearms

 

Type: MR

12.  CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are reasons why California’s definitions of gangs are problematic?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 49; Question Type: MS

 

*a. Other states model their legislation after it.

*b. It conflates gangs with adult organized crime groups.

1.    It conflates gangs with youth playgroups.

2.    It is overly narrow.

 

13.  Which of the following is a type of gang identified by Miller in his 26-city study?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 50; Question Type: MC

 

1.    Taggers

2.    Cliques

*c. Turf gangs

1.    Robbery bandits

 

14.  According to Warr (1996, 2002), ____________ are small groups, typically composed of three or four adolescents, who are highly transitory and not well organized.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 50; Question Type: MC

 

1.    assaultive affiliation cliques

2.    gain-oriented gangs

3.    juvenile prison gangs

*d. unsupervised peer groups

 

15.  All of the following are components of R. M. Gordon’s (1994) age-graded continuum of social and criminal groups except:

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pg. 50; Question Type: MC

 

1.    “Childhood playgroups” are harmless.

2.    “Street-based youth gangs” commit more serious crimes than “delinquent groups.”

*c. “Delinquent groups” are synonymous with “youth subculture groups.”

1.    “Taggers” are often mistaken for gang members.

 

16.  The Texas Department of Public Safety’s prison gang typology implies that:

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pgs. 50-51; Question Type: MC

 

1.    Paramilitary gangs have the most formal structure of any of the typologies.

*b. A gang’s leadership structure impacts members’ willingness to comply with orders.

1.    Different sects of gangs of the same name don’t always act as allies.

2.    A more established formal command structure facilities drug trafficking operations.

 

17.  Which of the following is NOT an example of a difference between “adult dependent” and “non-adult dependent” gangs that Valdez (2003) studied?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 52; Question Type: MC

 

*a. Marijuana dealing is the primary business for “adult dependent” gangs, whereas heroin dealing is the primary business for “non-adult dependent” gangs.

1.    “Adult dependent” gangs are more likely than “non-adult dependent” gangs to engage in business-related violence.

2.    “Adult dependent” gangs are less likely than “non-adult dependent” gangs to be territorial.

3.    “Non-adult dependent” gangs have a more fluid leadership structure than “adult dependent” gangs.

 

Type: MR

18.  CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are examples of crimes that would most likely be committed by “transitional” gang members in Valdez’s study?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Pg. 52; Question Type: MS

 

1.    A gang rape

*b. Stealing a smart phone from a pedestrian

*c. Selling crack cocaine

1.    Trafficking cocaine across state lines

 

19.  All of the following are common components of the process by which “subcultures” develop except:

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pg. 52; Question Type: MC

 

*a. The convergence of two local cultures

1.    Unsuccessful assimilation

2.    The convergence of two national cultures

3.    Incomplete adaptation

 

20.  The name “cholo” implies that Mexican American youth felt ______ in the context of developing a subculture.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer location: Pg. 52; Question Type: MC

 

1.    cool

2.    angry

*c. alone

1.    rich

 

21.  Gangs of which ethnicity in the Southwest are especially known for their unique subculture?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 53; Question Type: MC

 

1.    Vietnamese

2.    Dominican

3.    Filipino

*d. Mexican

 

22.  Which of the following is NOT a motive specific to gangs in their use of graffiti?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pgs. 54-56; Question Type: MC

 

1.    To honor the slain

2.    Insulting or challenging another gang

*c. Defiance of authority

1.    To claim territorial dominance

 

23.  Which of the following is an example of an “ideological” type of graffiti?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Pg. 55; Question Type: MC

 

*a. They mimic or imitate the signs and symbols of larger gangs to seem more menacing.

1.    They randomly find victims for their violent acts.

2.    They engage in weird initiation rituals.

3.    Adult gang members act almost like pedophiles in their attempts to stealthily recruit new members.

 

24.  Which of the following is NOT a key element of gang definitions?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 57; Question Type: MC

 

1.    Meetings/continuous association

2.    Leadership

3.    Name/identity

*d. Drug trafficking

 

25.  Which of the following is another name for a gang member who associates with a gang but may never formally join?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 61; Question Type: MC

 

1.    Organized gang member

*b. Affiliate

1.    Peripheral gang member

2.    Delinquent

 

26.  The proportion of boys in gangs is ____________ the proportion of girls in gangs.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 64

 

1.    the same as

*b. two times

1.    one and a half times

1.    three times

 

27.  Thrasher (1927) is the first scholar attributed with defining “gangs.”

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 45; Answer: False; Question Type: TF

 

1.    True

*b. False

 

28.  It is more common for state law to define “gang members” than “gangs.”

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 47; Answer: False; Question Type: TF

 

1.    True

*b. False

 

29.  Thrasher’s “concentric circle” gang typology implies a vertical rather than horizontal structure.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pg. 47; Answer: True; Question Type: TF

 

*a. True

1.    False

 

30.  “Organizations” should not be used to describe gangs because organizations have more permanent structures than gangs do.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pg. 48; Answer: True; Question Type: TF

 

*a. True

1.    False

 

31.  Age-graded cliques are a fundamental element of gangs.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pgs. 48-49; Answer: True; Question Type: TF

 

*a. True

1.    False

 

32.  18th Street clique members are required to be Mexican or Mexican-American.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 49; Answer: False; Question Type: TF

 

1.    True

*b. False

 

33.  “Urban crimes” tend to be violent in nature.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 49; Answer: True; Question Type: TF

 

*a. True

1.    False

 

34.  “Loose affiliation” gangs are able to grow larger more quickly than other gang types.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 51; Answer: True; Question Type: TF

 

*a. True

1.    False

 

35.  The U.S. annexation of Mexican land was a precipitating factor in the development of the “cholo” subculture.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pg. 52; Answer: True; Question Type: TF

 

*a. True

1.    False

 

36.  Researchers have found an inverse relationship between the extent to which a gang is organized and their capacity to commit criminal acts.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 58; Answer: False; Question Type: TF

 

1.    True

*b. False

 

37.  The federal law’s definition of gangs includes the three aspects of gang definitions most frequently specified by other governments and researchers.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 58; Answer: False; Question Type: TF

 

1.    True

*b. False

 

38.  Challenges to the Eurogang Network definition of “gangs” are based around the broadness of the definition and the related issue of having large segments of the youth population defined as members of a negatively connoted group.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer: True; Answer Location: Pg. 60

 

*a. True

1.    False

 

Type: E

39.  Name and describe the distinct types of gang members identified by Tita and colleagues (2003). Be sure to identify the most common type.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 48; Question Type: SA

 

*a Answer: According to Tita and colleagues (2003), the majority of gangs have three primary types of members: (1) “shot callers,” (2) “shooters,” and (3) “active soldiers.” Shot callers are gang leaders, and they are most often older and more isolated from other gang members and activities. Shooters are the members most likely to engage in violent acts directed toward another gang.  Finally, active soldiers, the most common type of gang members, are those who are most likely to report an association with a gang though they are not necessarily involved in violent attacks of rivals.

 

Type: E

40.  Compare and contrast the two terms most commonly used to describe gangs in the empirical literature, “youth gangs” and “street gangs.”

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 49; Question Type: SA

 

*a. Answer: The two terms most commonly used to describe gangs in the empirical literature are (1) “youth gangs” and (2) “street gangs.” Youth gangs are younger gangs whose members are largely children and adolescents. Since members in these gangs have participated in gang activity for a comparatively shorter time than members of street gangs, prevention and intervention programs are recommended. Street gangs, on the other hand, tend to have older members who commit largely violent urban crimes. Some street gangs are also involved in drug trafficking.

 

Type: E

41.  What makes gangs so hard to define and categorize? Compare and contrast at least two definitions presented in the chapter; then indicate what you believe is the most accurate definition, and explain why.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location:  Pgs. 46, 60-61; Question Type: ESS

 

*a Answer: Varies. Students should first indicate that there is no universal definition for gangs and that researchers and practitioners have struggled to reach a consensus about the term. Students should then explain that gangs are hard to define for a number of reasons, including confusion by gang members themselves over how to define their actions and behaviors, and myths about gangs that make it difficult to ascertain which elements of gang activity are fact and which are fiction. Next, students should compare and contrast two definitions presented in the chapter, such as the U.S. government’s definition of gangs as an ongoing association with three primary goals: (1) to commit criminal offenses, (2) to commit offenses within the past 5 years, and (3) to affect interstate or foreign commerce. As tends to be the case with U.S. law enforcement agencies, this definition is narrower than other definitions, such as that put forth by the Eurogang Network, which defines gangs broadly as troublesome youth groups that are durable and whose activities include criminal offending. A more practical definition, such as that developed from community assessments by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the National Institute for Justice (NIJ), is preferred, which defines a gang as follows: (1) The group has five or more members, (2) those members share an identity, (3) members see themselves as a gang and others recognize them as a gang, (4) the group associates consistently, and (5) the group is engaged in elevated rates of criminal offending.

 

Type: E

42.  Discuss how the association between race/ethnicity and gang membership has changed over time, and discuss contemporary findings in light of myths about the race and ethnicity of gang members.

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Pgs. 66-68; Question Type: ESS

 

*a Answer: varies. Students should first indicate that early iterations of gangs were much more homogeneous than gangs today, with most of the first documented gang members in the United States being white Europeans. As immigration and migration patterns changed and became more diversified, so did gang membership, with groups such as Mexicans, African Americans, and Asians increasingly becoming gang members. Students should then indicate that myths promoted largely in the media that most gang members are minorities have recently been challenged by research finding that White gang involvement is actually higher than commonly believed and that gangs are increasingly becoming more ethnically and racially heterogeneous.

 

Gangs in America’s Communities

James C. Howell

Elizabeth Griffiths

Chapter 4: General Macro-Level Theories and Modern-Day Applications

 

Type: MR

19.  CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are ways to describe theories that concern themselves with characteristics of delimited geographic areas (e.g., neighborhood, census tract, state) that are related to crime?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Pg. 73; Question Type: MS

 

1.    Micro-level

*b. Ecological

*c. Macro-level

1.    Environmental

 

20.  Which methodological feature was the hallmark of early ecological studies based in the Chicago school of sociology (e.g., Park & Burgess, 1925; Shaw & McKay, 1942)?

@ Learning objective: N/A; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Pg. 75; Question Type: MC

 

1.    Ethnography

2.    Multivariate statistics

*c. Mapping

1.    Focus groups