Forensic Psychology 4th edition by Joanna Pozzulo – Test Bank
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Sample Test
Chapter 3: Multiple Choice
1) One of the major goals of a police interrogation in North
America is to:
1. build
rapport with the suspect
2. identify
whether the suspect can understand their legal rights
3. clear
other unsolved cases
4. threaten
the suspect with harsh sanctions
5. secure
a confession from the suspect
Answer: e
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 60
2) One of the main issues in the case Brown vs. Mississippi (1936)
was:
1. the
use of physical coercion to obtain a confession
2. the
use of criminal profiling in court
3. the
standard for admitting expert testimony
4. the
right to plead not guilty by reason of insanity
5. both
a and c
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 60
3) Officer Ryback is an undercover agent posing as a member of
the local branch of the Hells Angels. He is attempting to lure a young adult
named Joe into the gang. Joe also is a suspect in an ongoing investigation of a
gang-related homicide. The officer rewards Joe for minor criminal activity and
promotes gang membership as a lucrative club where Joe can be accepted and have
access to all the cash, guns, drugs, and women he wants. He tells Joe that “the
boss” wants to interview him for a “job” in the gang, and as part of this he
needs to confess to a serious crime (the one under investigation). His
confession is insurance that he can be trusted by the gang, and it is offered
that the gang can help him out by making evidence “disappear”. Once Joe
confesses, this is used against him in trial. What technique is Officer Ryback
using to gain a confession?
1. Maximization
techniques
2. Criminal
profiling
3. The
good cop-bad cop routine
4. The
Mr. Big technique
5. Minimization
techniques
Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 61
4) Good cop-bad cop strategies are equivalent to:
1. minimization
and maximization techniques
2. rapport
building and minimization
3. rapport
building and forced-hand techniques
4. suggestibility
and coercion
5. none
of the above
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 63
5) Maximization techniques are also called _______ tactics;
minimization techniques are also called ________ tactics.
1. soft
sell/scare
2. heavy/compassion
3. scare/soft
sell
4. compassion/scare
5. intimidation/sympathy
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 63
6) While interrogating Sam Suspect, Officer Sipowitz states,
“Look, they should never leave liquor in a store window to tempt honest guys
like you and me.” Officer Sipowitz’s statement is an example of which category
of interrogation tactic?
1. minimization
2. maximization
3. a
scare tactic
4. a
baiting question
5. good
cop-bad cop
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 63
7) While interrogating Jane Doe, Officer Hamilton states, “Look,
I’ve got three eyewitnesses that say you did it and your fingerprints are all
over the gun found at the scene.” Officer Hamilton’s statement is an example of
which category of interrogation tactic?
1. Minimization
2. Maximization
3. A
soft sell tactic
4. A
baiting question
5. Good
cop-bad cop
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 63
8) Officer Gardner is interrogating James concerning an alleged
assault with a weapon against an umpire following a baseball game. Officer
Gardner tells James “I understand why you acted this way, the guy made some bad
calls and ‘had it coming’”. The officer is employing what step in the Reid
model of interrogation?
1. Immediately
confronting the suspect with his guilt
2. Developing
psychological themes to allow suspect to rationalize crime
3. Drawing
in the suspects attention to prevent them from withdrawing
4. Presenting
an alternative question to get the suspect to agree and confess
5. Interrupting
statements of denial to maintain control of the interrogation
Answer: b
Diff: Hard
Type: MC
Page Reference: 62-63
9) Officer Moore is interrogating Greg concerning the suspicious
death of his brother-in-law. Greg keeps trying to tell Officer Moore that he
didn’t do it and has no idea what the officer is talking about. Officer Moore
keeps interrupting Greg and telling him that they need to focus on the facts.
The officer is employing what step in the Reid model of interrogation?
1. Immediately
confronting the suspect with his guilt
2. Developing
psychological themes to allow suspect to rationalize crime
3. Drawing
in the suspects attention to prevent them from withdrawing
4. Presenting
an alternative question to get the suspect to agree and confess
5. Interrupting
statements of denial to maintain control of the interrogation
Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 62-63
10) Lulling the suspect into a false sense of security to
encourage them to confess utilizes what type of interrogation technique?
1. Minimization
technique
2. Mr.
Big technique
3. The
moral excuse technique
4. Maximization
technique
5. Good
cop-bad cop technique
Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 62-63
11) Kassin et al. (2007) conducted a survey of investigators and
their interrogation practices, and found that investigators rarely reported
instances of using threats or physical intimidation. Why should this result be
interpreted with caution?
1. The
videos analyzed for this study only showed the behaviour of the suspect and not
the investigator.
2. This
was a self-report study and the investigators’ responses may have been biased
to make themselves look better.
3. Much
police intimidation occurs outside of the interrogation room, so not captured
on film.
4. The
researchers may have received a biased sample of only those officers who use
“good cop” routines.
5. These
techniques are considered illegal so police officers should not be using them
in the first place.
Answer: b
Diff: Hard
Type: MC
Page Reference: 64
12) Which of the following statements is true with respect to
the findings of King and Snook’s (2009) examination of Canadian interrogations?
1. Canadian
interrogations appear to be extremely coercive.
2. Components
of the Reid model are frequently used in Canadian interrogations.
3. Canadian
police interrogators frequently exaggerate the seriousness of offences.
4. It
appears that some suspects were not read their legal rights.
5. Interrogations
lasting more than 12 hours were not uncommon.
Answer: d
Diff: Hard
Type: MC
Page Reference: 64
13) Of the following Reid technique themes analyzed in
King and Snook’s (2009) examination of Canadian interrogations, which was most
prevalent in the interrogations?
1. Play
one suspect against the other
2. Appeal
to the suspect’s pride with flattery
3. Minimize
the seriousness of the offence
4. Suggest
noncriminal intent for the offence
5. Sympathize
with the suspect by condemning others
Answer: b
Diff: Hard
Type: MC
Page Reference: 65
14) In the United States, a suspect’s legal rights in the
context of an interrogation are often called:
1. Marianne rights
2. Monica rights
3. Miranda rights
4. Marissa rights
5. Melissa rights
Answer: c
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 66
15) Recent research in Canada has examined the degree to which
people understand their right to silence and their right to legal counsel
(Eastwood & Snook, 2010). What did these researchers find?
1. In
general, people had difficulty understanding their rights.
2. Presenting
legal rights in written format appears to increase comprehension of those
rights.
3. Presenting
legal rights one element at a time appears to increase comprehension of those
rights.
4. Self-reported
confidence in one’s own comprehension of one’s legal rights is not a good
predictor of actual comprehension.
5. All
of the above
Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 66-67
16) In their study concerning legal rights, what group of
individuals did Eastwood, Snook, and Luther (in press) examine and identify as
highly vulnerable to misunderstanding their
legal rights?
1. Individuals
with impaired intellectual capacity
2. Individuals
with severe mental illness
3. Domestic
violence victims
4. High
school students
5. Victims
of child sexual abuse
Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 66-67
17) There are a number of potential problems with the Reid model
of interrogation. These include which of the following?
1. The
techniques included in the Reid model will rarely be approved of by the courts.
2. The
Reid model incorrectly assumes that investigators can accurately detect when a
suspect is lying.
3. The
techniques used in the Reid model decrease the chance that people will falsely
confess.
4. The
Reid model increases the likelihood that interrogators will be biased when
entering the interrogation stage of the process.
5. Both
b and d
Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 65-67
18) As related to police interrogations, Kassin and his
colleagues (2003) discovered several important findings regarding investigator
bias. Which of the following was not one
of their conclusions?
1. Interrogators
with guilty expectations tend to use a higher frequency of interrogation
techniques compared to interrogators with innocent expectations.
2. Suspects
generally have accurate perceptions of the investigator’s expectations of guilt
or innocence.
3. Neutral
observers tend to view interrogators with guilty expectations as more coercive,
especially against suspects who are actually guilty.
4. Neutral
observers tend to view suspects being interrogated by an officer with guilty
expectations as being more defensive.
5. Interrogators
with guilty expectations tend to ask more questions that convey their belief of
guilt.
Answer: c
Diff: Hard
Type: MC
Page Reference: 67
19) In order to be admitted as evidence in Canadian courts,
confessions must be ________________ and the confessor must be _______________.
1. given
voluntarily/at least 21 years old
2. written
down/competent
3. provided
when a lawyer is present/supported by corroborative evidence
4. given
voluntarily/competent
5. provided
when a lawyer is present/at least 21 years old
Answer: d
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 68
20) In Canada, which of the following police interrogation
practices would not be
acceptable by legal standards?
1. exaggerating
the infallibility of polygraph tests
2. minimizing
the seriousness of the crimes that were committed
3. implying
that psychiatric assistance can be made available if the suspect confesses
4. depriving
the suspect of sleep
5. none
of the above are legally condoned
Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 68
21) The model of police interrogation used in North America is ___________
and the model used in Britain is ___________.
1. accusatorial/accusatorial
2. inquisitorial/admissible
3. inquisitorial/accusatorial
4. accusatorial/inquisitorial
5. inadmissible/admissible
Answer: d
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 70
22) Which of the following is not part of the PEACE model of
investigative interviewing used in England and Wales?
1. Planning
and preparation
2. Engage
and explain
3. Accuse
4. Closure
5. Evaluation
Answer: c
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 69-70
23) The primary goal of the PEACE model of investigative
interviewing is
1. to
obtain a confession.
2. to
obtain complete and accurate information about the crime.
3. to
utilize minimization techniques only in questioning suspects.
4. to
eliminate the need for use of any investigative coercion practices.
5. to
teach police officers how to use calming strategies during stressful
interviews.
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 69-70
24) Officer Parneau has recently completed a training course in
investigative interviewing, and has implemented these techniques in her
policing. She now seeks to use more open-ended questions in her interrogations,
and to ultimately obtain complete and accurate information about the crime,
rather than simply a confession. What model of interrogation is Officer Parneau
using?
1. QA
model
2. Reid
model
3. Inquisition
model
4. Kassin
model
5. PEACE
model
Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 69-70
25) Beverly steals a turkey from the local grocery store. When
interrogated by the police, she confesses to stealing the turkey. During her
trial, the confession is thrown out because Beverly was not properly read her
rights upon arrest. What term best describes this confession?
1. a
coerced-compliant false confession
2. a
coerced-internalized false confession
3. a
retracted confession
4. a
voluntary false confession
5. a
disputed confession
Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 71-72
26) When questioned by police, John confesses to a burglary that
occurred on his street. Later, when his defence attorney is preparing his case
for court, John declares the confession he gave to the police was false. This
is an example of:
1. a
coerced-compliant false confession
2. a
coerced-internalized false confession
3. a
retracted confession
4. a
voluntary false confession
5. a
disputed confession
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 71-72
27) Which of the following was not identified by Gudjonsson (1992) as
a vulnerability factor associated with the occurrence of voluntary false
confessions?
1. the
confessor’s need to make up for pathological feelings of guilt
2. the
confessor’s desire for notoriety
3. the
confessor’s desire to protect someone else
4. the
confessor’s level of suggestibility
5. the
confessor’s inability to distinguish fact from fantasy
Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 72
28) According to your textbook, which type of false confession
is most common?
1. voluntary
2. coerced-compliant
3. coerced-internalized
4. retracted
5. disputed
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 72-74
29) An innocent suspect is interrogated for 18 hours without
food or water. The suspect is told by the investigator that he can get up and
leave once “he comes clean.” The suspect is exhausted and confesses. What type
of confession has just occurred?
1. a voluntary
false confession
2. a
coerced-compliant false confession
3. a
compliant-internalized false confession
4. a
coerced-internalized false confession
5. a
confabulated false confession
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 73-74
30) An innocent suspect is interrogated for 22 hours about a
life-threatening injury to her young infant. She keeps asking if she can go to
the hospital to see her daughter, but is refused. The police investigator says
that she can see her daughter when she confesses and that if she cooperates she
will be given a lenient sentence. Although she knows she is innocent, she
confesses. This is an example of a:
1. voluntary
false confession
2. coerced-internalized
false confession
3. coerced-compliant
false confession
4. confabulated
confession
5. none
of the above
Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 73-74
31) Coerced-internalized false confessions are typically
characterized by:
1. a
vulnerable suspect
2. exposure
to highly suggestible questions
3. an
attention-seeking suspect
4. exposure
to physically coercive interrogation techniques
5. both
a and b
Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 74-75
32) Which of the following was not identified by Gudjonsson (1992) as
a vulnerability factor associated with the occurrence of coerced-internalized
false confessions?
1. the
confessor’s history of substance use or interference with brain function
2. the
confessor experiencing severe anxiety and confusion
3. the
confessor’s desire to protect someone else
4. the
confessor’s feelings of generalized guilt
5. the
confessor’s inability to distinguish fact from fantasy
Answer: c
Diff: Hard
Type: MC
Page Reference: 74
33) The Paul Ingram case was used in your text as an example of
what type of confession?
1. Coerced-internalized
false confession
2. Voluntary
false confession
3. Disputed
confession
4. Coerced-compliant
false confession
5. Retracted
confession
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 74-75
34) A man is accused of sexually abusing his one-year old
daughter. He initially denies his involvement, but the police persist in
telling him that “abusers often don’t remember their actions” and that it would
help if he tried to visualize the abusive incidents. Although he did not commit
these crimes, he comes to remember images of him engaging in abusive acts, and
begins to believe he is guilty, so he confesses. This is an example of a(n):
1. voluntary
false confession
2. coerced-internalized
false confession
3. coerced-compliant
false confession
4. confabulated
confession
5. disputed
confession
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 73-74
35) In a study by Kassin and Keichel (1996), students were
brought into the lab in order to examine the phenomenon of false confessions.
Subjects were accused of committing a crime (hitting a forbidden computer key)
that they had in fact not committed. Two factors were manipulated: the
participant’s level of vulnerability and whether false evidence was presented.
What did this research find?
1. Participants
never exhibited compliance when accused of the crime.
2. Participants
presented with false evidence were more likely to internalize their guilt.
3. Participants
presented with false evidence were less likely to confabulate details.
4. The
presence of false evidence had no influence on compliance or internalization.
5. none
of the above
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 76
36) Which of the following is not one of the reasons proposed by
Appleby, Hasel, and Kassin (2013) as to why jurors are unlikely to identify
confessions by innocent people as false?
1. Jurors
are unable to accurately distinguish between true and false confessions
2. False
confessions can be highly similar to true confessions with respect to their
form and content.
3. Jurors
are unlikely to believe that a person would make statements that counter
self-interest
4. Jurors,
like most members of the public, are poor detectors of deception.
5. False
confessions are often very strange and bizarre, and seem too odd not to be true
which increases their believability.
Answer: e
Diff: Hard
Type: MC
Page Reference: 78
37) Criminal profiling is likely to be least useful in
cases involving:
1. serial
homicide
2. serial
rape
3. serial
burglary
4. a
serial offender with severe psychopathology
5. both
b and c
Answer: c
Diff: Hard
Type: MC
Page Reference: 90
38) Which of the following was not proposed as a goal of criminal
profiling in your textbook?
1. flushing
out the offender
2. prioritizing
suspects
3. identifying
new lines of inquiry
4. providing
evidence of guilt in court
5. developing
strategies for suspect interrogation
Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 80
39) The first known criminal investigation where criminal
profiling was used was:
1. the
New York Mad Bomber investigation in the 1950s
2. the
Jack the Ripper murders in the 1880s
3. the
John Duffy serial rape case in the 1980s
4. the
Ted Bundy serial murders in the 1970s
5. profiling
was not used in any of these cases
Answer: b
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 81
40) The RCMP’s VICLAS system was primarily established in an
attempt to remedy the problem of:
1. linkage
blindness
2. ambiguous
profiles
3. racial
profiling
4. police
officer bias
5. geographic
profiling
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 83
41) According to Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990), the process of
profiling described in equation form is:
1. WHO +
WHY = WHAT
2. WHAT
+ WHY = WHO
3. WHAT
+ WHEN = WHO
4. WHO +
WHERE = WHAT
5. WHAT
+ WHO = WHY
Answer: b
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 83
42) According to your textbook, what is the primary disadvantage
associated with the inductive method of criminal profiling?
1. It
will never be possible to obtain a representative sample of serial offenders
upon which to draw profiling conclusions.
2. The
logical foundations upon which the profiling predictions are based might be
flawed.
3. Data
related to serial homicide cases does not exist.
4. The
method is too vague.
5. No
profiler uses the inductive method of profiling.
Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 84
43) Detective Johnson is trying to predict an offender’s
background characteristics based on comparing that offender’s crimes with
similar crimes committed by other, known offenders. Det. Johnson is engaging in
what type of profiling?
1. Deductive
criminal profiling
2. Demographic
profiling
3. Geographic
profiling
4. Inductive
criminal profiling
5. Investigative
model profiling
Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 84
44) Which of the following is not a characteristic of a disorganized
offender?
1. lives
far away from his crimes
2. lives
alone
3. does not
have vehicle
4. is
sexually inadequate
5. has
little interest in the media
Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 85
45) The FBI’s organized-disorganized approach to criminal
profiling is based on a particular model of personality. This model is called
the:
1. five-factor
model
2. conditional
trait model
3. situationist
model
4. classic
trait model
5. schema
model
Answer: d
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 85-86
46) When conducting a meta-analysis of the accuracy of
profiling, Snook et al. (2007) found that across multiple studies, self-labeled
profilers
1. consistently
and highly outperformed the comparison groups.
2. displayed
somewhat better performance than comparison groups across most measures, but
not expert performance.
3. did
not perform any differently when compared to other nonprofiler groups.
4. performed
much worse than experienced veteran police officers
5. performed
less accurately than other law enforcement professionals and clinical
psychologists.
Answer: b
Diff: Hard
Type: MC
Page Reference: 89
47) Which of the following is the basic assumption underlying
geographic profiling?
1. Offenders
will commit their crimes in their immediate neighbourhood.
2. Offenders
tend not to travel far from home to commit their crimes.
3. Offenders
only target areas they know very well.
4. Offenders
travel far distances from home to commit crimes to avoid detection.
5. Offenders
will sometimes move residences while committing a series of crimes.
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 90
48) In the domain of geographic profiling, it is more likely
that a __________ can be accurately profiled than a __________.
1. travelling
offender/non-travelling offender
2. non-travelling
offender/travelling offender
3. non-serial
offender/serial offender
4. serial
offender/sequential offender
5. commuter/marauder
Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 90-91
49) Studies on the effectiveness of geographic profiling, such
as those conducted by Snook, Taylor, and Bennell (2004), have reported that the
use of computerized geographic profiling systems
1. is
significantly more effective than any other form of criminal profiling
2. might
impede investigations by causing too narrow of a geographic focus
3. is
based on similar erroneous assumptions that offenders live close to their crime
scenes
4. is
much less accurate than deductive criminal profiling
5. does
not increase accuracy much more than training participants to rely on simple
heuristics.
Answer: e
Diff: Hard
Type: MC
Page Reference: 91-92
50) Detective Carlisle is a profiler with the local police
force, and is utilizing mathematical models to determine the spatial behaviour
and likely residence of an offender in a series of linked crimes. The detective
is using what form of criminal profiling?
1. Deductive
criminal profiling
2. Racial
profiling
3. Geographic
profiling
4. Inductive
criminal profiling
5. Demographic
profiling
Answer: c
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 90
Chapter 3: Short Answer
1) List the two primary goals of a police interrogation. In
addition, describe the three types of false confessions that can result from
North American–style police interrogation techniques, making it very clear how
they differ from one another.
Answer:
·
The two primary goals of a police interrogation are:
a. To
gain information that will further the investigation
b. To
obtain a confession from the suspect
·
The three types of false confessions are:
a. Voluntary
false confession: The suspect confesses voluntarily to a crime he/she did not
commit without elicitation or coercion from a police interrogator.
b. Coerced-compliant
false confession: Although fully aware of his/her innocence, the suspect
confesses to a crime he/she did not commit as a product of coercive
interrogation techniques used by the police.
c. Coerced-internalized
false confession: The suspect recalls and confesses to a crime he/she did not
commit, usually after being exposed to suggestible questions by interrogators.
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 60, 72-75
2) What is the name of the interrogation model that is most
often taught to police officers in North America? Briefly describe the model’s
three stages.
Answer:
·
The model of interrogation that is most often taught to police
officers in North America is the Reid model of interrogation.
·
Stage 1: gather
crime-related evidence and interview witnesses and victims
·
Stage 2: conduct
a non-accusatorial interview of the suspect to assess guilt
·
Stage 3: if
the suspect is perceived to be guilty, conduct an accusatorial interrogation of
the suspect using the nine-step procedure in order to obtain a confession
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 62-63
3) What does the acronym for the PEACE model of interrogation
stand for? Briefly describe the primary goal of this model, and provide one
example of how Canadian police officers are not adhering o the principles
advocated by the PEACE model.
Answer:
·
PEACE is an acronym for planning and preparation, engage and
explain, account, closure, and evaluation.
·
this model provides an inquisitorial framework within which to
conduct police interrogations (compared with the accusatorial framework used in
the Reid model) and is based on an interview method known as conversation
management, which encourages information gathering more than securing a
confession
·
As highlighted above, rather than focusing on extracting
confessions, the primary goal of a PEACE interview would be to obtain complete
and accurate information about the crime in question; information that will
ultimately allow investigators to conduct a more efficient and effective
investigation
·
Canadian interrogators rarely rely on questioning practices that
will allow them to maximize the amount of complete and accurate information
that is collected. For example, open-ended questions were used much less
frequently (<1% of all questions) than close-ended questions (approximately
40% of all questions) in the interviews analyzed by Snook et al., despite the
fact that research consistently demonstrates that an interviewer can extract a
higher quantity of information from suspects, and more accurate information,
when they allow the interviewee to do most of the talking.
·
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 69-70
4) Define what is meant by minimization and maximization
techniques and provide one example of each technique.
Answer:
·
Minimization techniques:
soft sell interrogation tactics used by the police in an attempt to draw the
suspect into a false sense of security (e.g., offering justifications for the
offence, showing sympathy, making excuses, etc.)
·
Maximization techniques:
scare tactics used by the police in an attempt to intimidate the suspect who is
believed to be guilty (e.g., making false claims of evidence, exaggerating the
seriousness of the offence, etc.)
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 63
5) Distinguish between a retracted confession and a disputed
confession.
Answer:
· Retracted confession:
involves a suspect/defendant declaring that the confession he or she made is
false
· Disputed confession:
involves a confession that is challenged in court due to legal technicalities
or because a suspect/defendant denies the confession was ever made
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 71-72
6) What are the three main categories of false confessions
proposed by Kassin and Wrightsman (1985)? Describe each and identify the
circumstances under which each are likely to arise.
Answer:
Voluntary false confessions occur
when someone voluntarily confesses to a crime he or she did not commit without
any elicitation from the police. Research has indicated that people voluntarily
false confess for a variety of reasons. For example, Gudjonsson (1992)
suggested that such confessions may arise out of (1) a morbid desire for
notoriety, (2) the person being unable to distinguish fact from fantasy, (3)
the need to make up for pathological feelings of guilt by receiving punishment,
or (4) a desire to protect somebody else from harm (which may be particularly
prevalent among juveniles).
Coerced-compliant false confessions are
those in which the suspect confesses to a crime, even though the suspect is
fully aware that he or she did not commit it. This type of false confession is
perhaps the most common ( Gudjonsson & MacKeith, 1988 ). Unlike voluntary
false confessions, these confessions are caused by the use of coercive
interrogation tactics on the part of the police, such as the maximization
techniques described earlier. Specifically, coerced-compliant confessions may
be given so the suspect can (1) escape further interrogation, (2) gain a promised
benefit, or (3) avoid a threatened punishment ( Gudjonsson, 1992 ).
The third, and perhaps the most bizarre type of false confession
proposed by Kassin and Wrightsman (1985 ) is the coerced-internalized false
confession . Here, individuals recall and confess to a
crime they did not commit, usually after they are exposed to highly suggestible
questions, such as the minimization techniques described earlier in the chapter
( Gudjonsson, 2003 ). In contrast to the coerced-compliant false confessor, however,
these individuals actually end up believing they are responsible for the crime.
According to Gudjonsson (1992) , several vulnerability factors are associated
with this type of false confession, including (1) a history of substance abuse
or some other interference with brain function, (2) the inability of people to
detect discrepancies between what they observed and what has been erroneously
suggested to them, and (3) factors associated with mental state, such as severe
anxiety, confusion, or feelings of guilt.
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 72-74
7) Define criminal profiling in general terms and provide four
main goals of criminal profiling.
Answer:
·
Criminal profiling is a method by which one attempts to identify
personality, behavioural, and/or demographic characteristics of an offender on
the basis of the characteristics of the crimes he or she has committed.
·
Goals of criminal profiling:
a. To
flush out an offender
b. To
determine whether a threatening note should be taken seriously
c. To
provide advice on how to best interrogate a suspect
d. To
provide prosecutors with strategies that will help them “break down” the
suspect/defendant in cross-examination
Diff: Easy
Type: ES
Page Reference: 80
8) What is the equation specified by Pinizzotto and Finkel
(1990) that describes the process of criminal profiling? Define or explain each
component of the equation.
Answer:
·
WHAT + WHY = WHO
a. WHAT
refers to the material collected by profilers at the onset of the investigation
(e.g., crime scene photos, autopsy reports, descriptions of victims, etc.).
b. WHY
refers to the motivation for the crime as reflected in the crime scene
behaviours of the offender.
c. WHO
refers to the actual profile that is constructed (i.e., the personality,
behavioural, and demographic features of the unknown offenders).
Diff: Hard
Type: ES
Page Reference: 83-84
9) Distinguish between deductive criminal profiling and
inductive criminal profiling. Identify a problem associated with each method.
Answer:
·
Deductive profiling:
involves the prediction of an offender’s background characteristics by
analysing the crime scene evidence left by that particular offender. The main
problem with this approach is that the logical foundations upon which the
profiling predictions are based might be flawed.
·
Inductive profiling:
involves the prediction of an offender’s background characteristics on the
basis of a statistical comparison of that particular offender’s crimes with
similar crimes committed by other, known offenders. The main problem with this
approach is that it will never be possible to obtain a representative sample of
offenders from which to draw valid profiling conclusions.
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 84
10) List five crime scene behaviours that are assumed to relate
to organized offenders and five crime scene behaviours that are assumed to
related to disorganized offenders.
Answer:
·
Organized:
planned offence, use of restraints, ante-mortem sexual acts, use of vehicle in
the crime, no post-mortem mutilation, corpse not taken, little evidence left at
the scene
·
Disorganized:
spontaneous offence, no restraints used, post-mortem sexual acts, no use of
vehicle in the crime, post-mortem mutilation, corpse or body parts taken,
evidence left at the scene
Diff: Easy
Type: ES
Page Reference: 85
11) List five background characteristics that are assumed to
relate to organized offenders and five background characteristics that are
assumed to related to disorganized offenders.
Answer:
·
Organized:
high intelligence, skilled occupation, sexually adequate, lives with a partner,
geographically mobile, lives & works far away from crimes, follows crimes
in media, maintains residence and vehicle
·
Disorganized: low
intelligence, unskilled occupation, sexually inadequate, lives alone,
geographically stable, lives & works close to crimes, little interest in
media, does not maintain residence or vehicle
Diff: Easy
Type: ES
Page Reference: 85
12) State four general criticisms of criminal profiling.
Answer:
·
The theoretical model upon which criminal profiling is based
(i.e., the classic trait approach) lacks strong empirical support.
·
The core psychological assumptions underlying profiling
currently lack strong empirical support.
·
Profiles usually contain information that is vague and
ambiguous. Research suggests that such information can be interpreted to fit a
wide range of suspects (even if those suspects are quite different from one
another).
·
In terms of the accuracy of profiles constructed, professional
profilers appear to be no better than certain untrained individuals (e.g.,
psychologists).
Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 86
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