Family Theories An Introduction 4th Edition by James M. White , David M – Test Bank
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Sample
Test
Ch. 3
Test Questions
1. The
philosophical perspective referring to rationally weighing the rewards and
costs of behavioral choices is
*a. utilitarianism.
1. motivationism.
2. unanimity.
3. minimization.
2. Which
of the following is true regarding utilitarian thinking? It
3. assumes
that people are unable to act for themselves.
4. focuses
on true selflessness.
*c. incorporates what people value.
1. is no
longer a significant influence in family theory.
3. The
text chapter especially exploresthe following aspects of exchange-related
family theory, except
4. rational
choice.
*b. group solidarity.
1. a
voluntarist assumption.
2. Social
Psychology.
4. Which
of the following is not an assumption of exchange theory?
5. people
are motivated by self-interest
6. prediction
is the consequence of understanding one’s motivation
7. the
individual is real
*d. people behave irrationally
5. The
concept that supports the idea that culture is created by individuals is called
6. macrosocial
phenomenon.
7. individuated
collectivism.
*c. methodological individualism.
1. group-interest.
6. A
basic assumption of exchange theory is that people’s decisions can be
understood by understanding people’s
7. socialization.
*b. motivation.
1. genetic
disposition.
2. developmental
stage.
7. An
assumption of most exchange theory is that ______ is the key motivation for
choices.
*a. self-interest
1. altruism
2. rationalization
3. realism
8. Exchange
theory applies the concepts of reward and costs in ways that are mostin harmony
with
9. behaviorism.
10. hedonism.
*c. utilitarianism.
1. economic
theory.
9. The
key idea that sets exchange theory apart from behaviorism and hedonism is
10. punishment.
*b. profit.
1. gratification.
2. benefit.
10. Compared
to “CL,” “CL+” focuses on
11. how
well one is doing compared to others in the same position.
12. the
added benefits of making the same decision again.
13. decisions
that result in benefits outweighing the costs.
*d. the profit of others outside of one’s potion as an
alternative to one’s position.
11. Which
of the following is the clearest example of “marginal utility”? You
12. are
hungry but your food options are not equally valuable.
13. used
to love reading a certain book as a child that has little interest for you as
an adult.
*c. enjoy spending time with family but after a few days with
them it is not as enjoyable.
1. realize
that having a flashlight at nighttime is more valuable than during the day.
12. Since
the value of rewards and costs change, which of the following helps account for
their influence in light of their change in value?
*a. salience
1. comparison
2. sacrifice
3. alternatives
13. From
an exchange perspective, equity is not the same thing as
14. fairness.
*b. equality.
1. justice.
2. any
of the above.
14. Skills
and capabilities are best considered examples of ____ capital.
15. economic
*b. human
1. social
2. historical
15. Having
a network with other people is best considered an example of ____ capital.
16. economic
17. human
*c. social
1. historical
16. A
parsimonious theory is one that
*a. offers successful explanations with little conceptual
baggage.
1. clearly
contradicts modern cultural values and norms.
2. contains
multiple complex, interrelated propositions.
3. borrows
aspects of multiple theories to create a new theory.
17. The “principle
of least cost” best applies to a situation in which
18. equity
is most likely to be achieved.
19. costs
are higher than rewards.
20. it is
common to have inequity.
*d. there are no rewards.
18. Social
capital is lessened when
*a. there is less closure.
b.groups are larger.
1. members
are all interconnected.
2. social
norms are enforced.
19. Which
of the following is a microexchange theory that postulates that some rewards
can only be achieved by groups instead of individuals?
*a. rational choice theory
1. relative
balance
2. equity
theory
3. norm
of reciprocity
20. Which
of the following is a microexchange theory that focuses on the ratio of rewards
to costs in relationships in ways that can predict relationship power?
21. rational
choice theory
*b. relative balance
1. equity
theory
2. norm
of reciprocity
21. Which
of the following is a microexchange theory that argues that relationships
profit more from fair exchanges than unfair exchanges?
22. rational
choice theory
23. relative
balance
*c. equity theory
1. norm
of reciprocity
22. The
assumption that individuals band together to form social order in ways that
exchange personal freedom for security is referred to as a
23. preferred
barrier.
24. forced
alternative.
25. manipulated
exchange.
*d. social contract.
23. Which
of the following is the clearest example of “tautological reasoning” as applied
to the family?
24. Sam
gave up a kidney to save his brother because it was better than feeling guilty
if he hadn’t.
*b. Linda’s decision to have a child is rational because people
make rational choices.
1. Trent
decided to get divorced because he got less and less from his marriage every
year.
2. Malory
enjoys the praise she receives as a mother because society values motherhood.
24. Motivation
is the central focus of exchange theory.
*a. True
1. False
25. Exchange
theory and rational choice theory are typically in opposition to one another.
26. True
*b. False
26. A key
assumption of exchange theory is that self-interest is a key motivation for
people’s behavior.
*a. True
1. False
27. One
must be able to calculate the ratio of cost to reward in order to behave
rationally.
*a. True
1. False
28. Understanding
rewards and costs is sufficient to explain why someone acts a certain way.
29. True
*b. False
29. Exchange
theory assumes that for most people in a social group that the weightings of
rewards and costs would be very similar.
*a. True
1. False
30. One
thing all exchange theories have in common is that social relationships are
happily maintained when people avoid concerns about equity.
31. True
*b. False
31. A key
proposition in exchange theory is that people will choose an action with the
highest level of reward.
32. True
*b. False
32. According
to exchange theory, people are willing to give up short-term rewards for the
sake of long-term rewards.
*a. True
1. False
33. Explain
how exchange theory differs from behaviorism and hedonism in its application of
costs and rewards.
34. Answer
should include that behaviorism does not focus on cognitive processes and
hedonism is overly simplistic in the complexities of decision making.
34. Explain
how the assumptions of exchange theory help deal with predicting the decisions
of a family given that each member can potentially weigh the multiple rewards
and costs of alternatives differently.
35. Answer
should include the assumption that people are rational so given the same set of
circumstances people are interchangeable in what they would be expected to
choose, and that people in groups are similar enough so that they are expected
to weigh things similarly.
35. Explain
what people are expected to choose in the long-term when the short-term profits
are the same for two alternatives, and why.
36. Answer
should include that they will choose the alternative that provides the most
profit in the long term since they won’t be sacrificing profit in the short
term.
36. Explain
the extent to which exchange theory is deterministic.
37. Answer
should include that it is highly deterministic on the individual level because
it asserts that a choice can be predicted by incorporating perceptions and
values and calculating profit; for groups, it is a bit less deterministic
because of so much variation and fluidity but focuses rather on probabilities.
37. Describe
two common criticism of exchange theory as it applies to families.
38. Answer
could include that it is an individual theory and difficult to apply to
families who are arguably more than just a group of individuals, it does not
clearly describe how social norms are created from individual self-interest, it
does not explain altruistic behavior very convincingly, it assumes rewards are
stable but they may vary by gender and cohort, some family decisions like
life-long marriage seem counter to propositions regarding profitability over
time, meanings of rewards and costs seem to change over time and across
culture, and circular reasoning is used to argue that a decision in rational.
Ch. 4
Test Questions
1. Uniting
cultural meanings with ______ is the prime focus of symbolic interactionism.
2. personal
cognition
3. cultural
heritage
4. relational
affect
*d. social behavior
2. Rules
that guide new generations to understand language are referred to as
*a. syntax.
1. meaning.
2. symbols.
3. interaction.
3. To
understand behavior, we must understand the _____ that an action has for the
actor
4. syntax.
*b. meaning.
1. symbols.
2. interaction.
4. An
important maxim for symbolic interactionism is that what humans define as ____
has ____ consequences.
5. disingenuous;
disingenuous
6. confusion;
dangerous
*c. real; real
1. deceptive;
confusing
5. The
clearest example of the assumption that “society precedes the individual” is a
6. child
is conceived and born into a family.
*b. person cannot use language without being socialized to do
so.
1. younger
sister growing up to be taller than her older sister.
d.person only taking seriously a religion one chooses for
oneself.
6. The
idea of the “looking glass self” refers to a person’s ability to
7. imagine
being more than one person at a time.
8. reflect
deeply on one’s own motivation for behavior.
c.perceive a complete array of one’s feelings toward something.
*d. see one’s actions from the perspective of another person.
7. Which
of the following is not an aspect of the stages of socialization?
*a. agentshaping
1. game
stage
2. role
taking
3. play
stage
8. Having
multiple roles with expectations that contradict one another often produces
role
9. taking.
10. strain.
11. adaptation.
*d. conflict.
9. When
someone does not have enough resources to enact a particular role, this person
will likely experience role
10. taking.
*b. strain.
1. adaptation.
2. conflict.
10. The “definition
of the situation” focuses precisely on the role of _____ in forming one’s
behavior.
11. syntax
12. other
people
*c. perception
1. truth
11. According
to scholars such as Stryker and Burke, one’s identity is based on the ______ of
roles offered by society.
12. socially-mandated
ordering
13. popular
organization
14. natural
composition
*d. personal salience hierarchy
12. According
to the propositions by Burr and associates, which of the following would most
likely contribute a less satisfying performance of a role?
13. high
quality of role enactment
14. clear
role expectations
15. consensus
of role expectations
*d. greater diversification of roles
13. Which
of the following is most likely to help avoid role strain?
14. low
quality of role enactment
*b. lesser diversification of roles
1. debated
role expectations
2. vague
role expectations
14. Which
of the following variants of social interactionism is a coherent school of
thought that focuses on role-making that takes place through negotiation and
communication with others?
15. structural
*b. interactional
1. microinteractional
2. none
of the above
15. Which
of the following variants of social interactionism most strongly emphasizes the
power of society to shape the roles people have in a given position?
*a. structural
1. interactional
2. microinteractional
3. none
of the above
16. Which
of the following variants of social interactionism disregards the significance
of meaning regarding the roles that people have?
17. structural
18. interactional
19. microinteractional
*d. none of the above
17. Which
of the following variants of social interactionism most directly articulates
the fluidity of the self and the way one frames one’s context and rules?
18. structural
19. interactional
*c. microinteractional
1. none
of the above
18. Which
of the following variants of social interactionism places the most emphasis on
explaining aggregate patterns of families?
*a. structural
1. interactional
2. microinteractional
3. none
of the above
19. Which
of the following variants of social interactionism is most critiqued as being
too deterministic regarding human behavior?
*a. structural
1. interactional
2. microinteractional
3. none
of the above
20. Despite
their differences, something that the variations of symbolic interactionism
generally agree on is
21. the
existence of a generalized script for people in the same position.
22. the
extent to which behavior is created by society.
*c. that clarity and consensus have important consequences.
1. that
qualitative methodology is superior to quantitative methodology.
21. Which
of the following do the authors consider a legitimate, serious controversy
regarding symbolic interactionism?
22. whether
behavior is created by social norms or interactional role making
23. cross-cultural
relevance of the theory
*c. the concepts of the mind and the self
1. qualitative
versus quantitative methodologies
22. Based
on the criticism discussed in the chapter, which would be considered a strength
of symbolic interactionism? It
*a. generates propositions that are not specific to one period
of time.
b.deals well with the construct of emotion.
1. thoroughly
examines the developmentof institutional norms.
2. hasn’t
“lost its way” by straying from its root concepts.
23.Symbolic interactionism, more than any other family theory,
pays attention to how events and things are interpreted by people.
*a. True
1. False
24. Pragmatism
and symbolic interactionism are inherently at odds with one another.
25. True
*b. False
25. According
to Mead and other interactionists, society is the result of individual minds.
26. True
*b. False
26. Clarity
of role expectations is essential for both actors and others when functioning
in a social setting together.
*a. True
1. False
27. According
to scholars such as Stryker and Burke, one’s identity is made up of multiple
roles that an individual organizes into a salience hierarchy.
*a. True
1. False
28. The
Interaction approach is criticized for attributing too much power to society to
influence human behavior.
29. True
*b. False
29. The
Structural approach presumes that role expectations change little from
generation to generation.
*a. True
1. False
30. The
enhancement theory focuses on how cultural norms that favor cooperation lead to
less role conflict.
31. True
*b. False
31. The
variations of symbolic interactionism share the belief that qualitative
methodology is superior to qualitative methodology.
32. True
*b. False
32. Explain
what the significance is of the following assumption: Individuals have minds.
33. Answer
should include that people can perceive, reason, sense, and imagine; the mind
has memory; this gives people the ability to have awareness of themselves and
their own thinking process, which is important for making meaning.
33. Explain
what the notion of self means according to symbolic interactionism.
34. Answer
should include that the self is the culmination of the “I” or actor and the
“me” or role of the other; a person can see themselves from the perspectives of
other people, as well as from one’s own perspective; the self is a combination
of the two perspectives.
34. Explain
what identity is and how it is formed, according to work by scholars such as
Stryker and Burke.
35. Answer
should include that identity is shaped by society based on the social roles
offered by society and their meanings; actors can create a salience hierarchy
of those roles to form an identity with multiple roles; actors then act out
those roles according to what is deemed relevant to a given situation.
35. Explain
the main differences between the structurists and the interactionists regarding
a person’s behavior.
36. Answer
should include that structurists focus more on the power of society to create
and define roles for people, and the meanings of roles change little over time;
interactionists focus on the making of meaning that occurs within interaction
among individuals, emphasizing a more subjective experience in role making.
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