Experimental Psychology 10th Edition by Barry H. Kantowitz – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Kantowitz Test Bank – Chapter Three

 

1.   Which of the following is NOT a technique for creating equivalent comparisons between groups and/or conditions in experiments?

2.   obtaining a baseline.

3.   matching.

4.   randomization.

5.   using multiple dependent variables.

 

ANS:D

A-Head: Experimental Designs

 

2.   General practice effects in within-subjects experiments include

3.   boredom.

4.   fatigue.

5.   learning.

6.   all of these.

 

ANS:D

A-Head:Experimental Designs

 

 

3.   Which of these is NOT a possible explanation for obtaining null results in a valid experiment?

4.   the levels of the independent variable are too similar to each other.

5.   the experimenter used a valid and reliable measure of the dependent variable.

6.   the manipulation of the independent variable was unsuccessful..

7.   the dependent variable is subject to a floor effect.

 

ANS:B

A-Head:Variables

 

 

4.   Failure of an independent variable to produce changes in a dependent variable is called a

5.   statistical error.

6.   failure to replicate.

7.   null result.

8.   confound.

 

ANS:C

A-Head:Variables

 

 

 

5.   In an experiment, the variable that is expected to change as a result of some manipulation is termed the

6.   dependent variable.

7.   independent variable.

8.   control variable.

9.   experimental variable.

 

ANS:A

A-Head:Variables

 

 

 

6.   A dependent variable

7.   is manipulated by the experimenter.

8.   leads to changes in the independent variable.

9.   is a hypothetical construct that cannot be measured.

10.                is measured by the experimenter.

 

ANS:D

A-Head:Variables

 

 

7.   The influence of an independent variable may not be accurately reflected in a dependent variable if distorted by

8.   counterbalancing.

9.   randomization.

10.                floor and ceiling effects.

11.                chair and sofa effects.

 

ANS:C

A-Head:Variables

 

 

 

8.   Random selection refers to

9.   the unreliability of two different experiments yielding different results.

10.                the matching of participants on several different factors.

11.                the process of categorizing continuous variables as dichotomous variables.

12.                the technique used to ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being selected for an experiment.

 

ANS:D

A-Head:The Nuts and Bolts: From Problem to Experiment

 

 

9.   An interaction occurs when

10.                the effect of one independent is different at the different levels of another independent variable.

11.                the effect of one dependent variable is different at the different levels of the confounding variable.

12.                chance results occur.

13.                the effect of the dependent variable is not significant.

 

ANS:A

A-Head:Variables

 

 

 

10.                A major disadvantage of between-subjects designs is that

11.                the effect of one treatment may alter the effectiveness of later treatments.

12.                participant differences may obscure treatment effects.

13.                one must employ fewer independent variables.

14.                one can use only a single independent variable.

 

ANS:B

A-Head:Experimental Designs

 

 

11.                One reason for preferring randomization to matching for establishing group equivalence is that

12.                randomization involves more confounding.

13.                we do not know all the relevant variables to match.

14.                counterbalancing does not require randomization.

15.                randomization guarantees group equivalence.

 

ANS:B

A-Head:Experimental Designs

 

12.                A mixed design is one in which

13.                there is one independent and one dependent variable.

14.                at least one independent variable is tested within-subjects, and at least one other independent variable is tested between-subjects.

15.                at least one independent variable is manipulated, and at least one other independent variable is controlled.

16.                each participant receives all levels of each independent variable.

 

ANS:B

A-Head:Experimental Designs

 

 

13.                A control group or a control condition is included in an experiment in order to

14.                evaluate experimenter effects and demand effects.

15.                provide a baseline against which the variable of interest can be compared.

16.                prevent ceiling or floor effects.

17.                increase the generalizability of the results.

 

ANS:B

A-Head:Experimental Designs

 

 

14.                In an experiment testing the effects of alcohol on performance, Group A receives 3 nonalcoholic beers, Group B receives 6 nonalcoholic beers, Group C receives 3 alcoholic beers, and Group D receives 6 alcoholic beers. The independent variable(s) in this experiment is/are

15.                amount of alcohol.

16.                number of drinks.

17.                amount of alcohol and number of drinks.

18.                level of performance after drinking.

 

ANS:C

A-Head:What is an Experiment?

 

 

 

15.                In the preceding example, if only Group A and Group D were included as conditions

16.                the effects of both alcohol and number of drinks could be assessed.

17.                the effect of alcohol only could be assessed.

18.                the effect of number of drinks only could be assessed.

19.                alcohol content and number of drinks would be confounded.

 

ANS:D

A-Head:What is an Experiment?

 

 

16.                The Hawthorne effect is an example of

17.                experimenter effects.

18.                demand characteristics.

19.                experimenter bias.

20.                ceiling effects.

 

ANS:B

A-Head:Experimental Designs

 

 

17.                So-called critical experiments

18.                test two theories that make different predictions.

19.                test a theory that makes two different predictions.

20.                involve an inductive approach.

21.                involve a number of independent and dependent variables.

 

ANS:A

A-Head:What is an Experiment?

 

 

18.                Regression to the mean implies that if extreme scores are obtained for some individuals and then the observations are repeated, the second scores obtained for these same individuals will be

19.                closer to the mean of the first scores of the entire group.

20.                more extreme than the first scores of the entire group.

21.                exactly the same as before.

22.                unreliable.

 

ANS:A

A-Head:Experimental Designs

 

 

19.                In its most basic form, the __________ the levels of interest of the independent variable.

20.                experimental group does not receive

21.                control group does not receive

22.                both the experimental and the control group do not receive

23.                both the experimental and the control group receive

 

ANS:B

A-Head:Experimental Designs

 

 

20.                In an experiment the __________ variable is a manipulation of the environment controlled by the experimenter.

21.                control

22.                experimental

23.                dependent

24.                independent

 

ANS:D

A-Head:What is an Experiment?

 

 

21.                It is likely that you will find an interaction when

22.                the dependent variable is affected by an independent variable.

23.                the effect of one independent variable is affected by a second independent variable.

24.                the effect of an independent variable is affected by the dependent variable.

25.                there is a restriction of range problem.

 

ANS:B

A-Head:Variables

 

 

 

22.                In order to observe an interaction in the results of an experiment, which of the following must be true?

23.                There must be at least two independent variables.

24.                There must be at least two dependent variables.

25.                A critical experiment must be done.

26.                A between-subjects design must be used.

 

ANS:A

A-Head:Variables

 

 

 

23.                What is a subject variable?

24.                A characteristic or feature of a research participant used to assign that participant to a condition of

an experiment (e.g., the subject’s age).

1.   The individual score of a subject on the dependent variable measure.

2.   A characteristic or feature of a subject which is expected to change as the result of an experimental

manipulation.

1.   The degree to which a subject responds to an experimental manipulation.

 

ANS:A

A-Head:Experimental Designs

 

 

24.                Which of the following uses a quasi-experimental design?

25.                A researcher compares the effects of caffeine on sleep by assigning subjects randomly into one of

3 treatment groups (5, 10 or 20 mg. doses of caffeine) and recording EEGs of each subject

throughout the night.

1.   To see whether the effectiveness of a new method of reading instruction is different for bilingual

children vs. children who speak only English, 40 Bilingual and 40 English-Speaking children are

taught using the bilingual method for one semester and reading scores for the 2 groups are

compared.

1.   A clinical psychologist tests the relative effectiveness of two forms of therapy for treatment of

panic attacks by recruiting 20 people diagnosed with panic attacks and treating half with one form

of therapy and half with the other form of therapy for the same amount of time.

1.   In a study of picture memory, 40 subjects are shown 1000 photographs under standard viewing

conditions and recognition of the pictures is tested 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks later.

 

ANS:B

A-Head:Experimental Designs

 

 

25.                A control variable is

26.                under the control of the subject.

27.                a potential independent variable that is held constant in an experiment.

28.                a potential  independent variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.

29.                expected to change as the result of an experimental manipulation.

 

ANS:B

A-Head:Variables

 

 

 

26.                Automating an experiment can

27.                greatly reduce the possibility of experimenter effects.

28.                be a source of an experimenter effect.

29.                eliminate the need for a control group.

30.                prevent the occurrence of a floor effect.

 

ANS:A

A-Head:Experimental Designs

 

 

27.                One technique in psychological experiments is to keep the experimenter from knowing the research hypothesis or the experimental condition of the subjects currently being tested. This helps to prevent the problem of

28.                ceiling effects.

29.                carryover effects.

30.                placebo effects.

31.                experimenter effects.

 

ANS:D

A-Head:Experimental Designs

 

 

28.                A researcher wants to know whether a new drug reduces anxiety. Forty participants who suffer from anxiety disorder are assigned randomly to one of two groups. One group gets the new drug and the other group gets a placebo. Neither group knows which they receive. After 30 days on the drug, their anxiety levels are measured. In this experiment, is the independent variable and  is the dependent variable.

29.                anxiety, the new drug

30.                the new drug, the placebo

31.                anxiety, the placebo

32.                the new drug, anxiety

 

ANS:D

A-Head:Variables

 

 

29.                The practice of repeating an experiment that has already been done to determine whether the same effect is observed is called

30.                regression.

31.                replication.

32.                randomization.

33.                counterbalancing.

 

ANS:B

A-Head:What is an Experiment?

 

 

30.                When an experiment produces null results

31.                it is possible that the experimenter did not use a valid manipulation of the independent variable.

32.                it shows that the independent variable manipulation produced a change in the dependent variable.

33.                it shows that the dependent variable had no effect on the independent variable.

34.                it is possible that the effect of the independent variable occurred by chance.

 

ANS:A

A-Head:Variables

 

 

 

31.                In an experiment with two independent variables, the occurrence of an interaction means that

32.                the experiment was poorly designed.

33.                there was a ceiling effect.

34.                the effect of one independent variable was different at different levels of the other independent

variable.

1.   the effect of one independent variable was the same at all levels of the other independent variable.

 

ANS:C

A-Head:Variables

 

 

 

True-False

 

1.   T / F Randomization is an old and rarely used technique for creating equivalent groups in an experiment.

ANS:F

 

2.   T / F Counterbalancing reduces the problem of order in a within-subjects design.

ANS:T

 

3.   T / F The effect of boredom or fatigue with a task are termed general practice effects.

ANS:T

 

4.   T / F One criterion for a good dependent variable is stability in repeated measures.

ANS:T

 

5.   T / F A weak manipulation of the independent variable may result in null results.

ANS:T

 

6.   T / F Ceiling and floor effects are caused by careless counterbalancing.

ANS:F

 

7.   T / F In order to obtain equivalent groups in between-subjects designs, you can use each participant as his or her own control.

ANS:F

 

8.   T / F A control variable is a potential dependent variable that is held constant during the experiment.

ANS:F

 

9.   T / F An interaction occurs when the effect of one independent variable is not the same at each level of another independent variable.

ANS:T

 

10.                T / F Matching is a technique used to equate experimental and control groups on certain variables.

ANS:T

 

11.                T / F If an experimenter suspects that the effects of one treatment may linger on to alter a later treatment, then that experimenter should use a within-subjects design.

ANS:F

 

12.                T / F An experiment needs a dependent variable.

ANS:T

 

13.                T / F Demand characteristics are those factors that are necessary to conduct an experiment.

ANS:F

 

14.                T / F In a between-subjects design, each participant receives one level of the independent variable.

ANS:T

15.                T / F A dependent variable is manipulated by the experimenter.

ANS:F

16.                T / F Changes in the independent variable are presumably caused by changed in the dependent variable.

ANS:F

 

17.                T / F Counterbalancing is a common way to control for general practice effects.

ANS:T

 

18.                T / F An experimenter can influence the outcome of an experiment by providing subtle cues to the participant.

ANS:T

 

19.                T / F One way to protect against experimenter effects is to conduct a double-blind experiment.

ANS:T

 

20.                T / F Age, sex, and race are NOT examples of variables that would be used in a quasi-experiment.

ANS:

 

21.                T / F Matching cannot guard against confounding variables.

ANS:F

 

22.                T / F In a quasi-experiment, participants can be randomly assigned to all experimental conditions.

ANS:F

 

23.                T / F When data are presented in figures, the dependent variable is represented on the ordinate, and the independent variable is presented on the abscissa.

ANS:T

 

24.                T / F The following result is an example of an interaction: With normally active children, the stimulating effect of amphetamines increases as the dosage increases, but with hyperactive children, the greater the dosage of amphetamines, the calmer the children.

ANS:T

 

25.                T / F In order to have an experiment, it is necessary to have at least two levels of the dependent variable.

ANS:F

 

Essay Questions

 

1.   Describe three techniques used to ensure equivalent groups in an experiment. Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of each technique.

 

2.   Describe the rationale for counterbalancing in an experiment.

 

3.   What are null results? What are three possible explanations for null results?

 

4.   Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of within-subjects and between-subjects designs? Describe a situation where one would prefer the use of one design over the other.

 

5.   What is counterbalancing? Provide two examples.

 

6.   Describe an experiment in which a practice effect might be observed.

 

7.   Describe the advantages of experimentation over the other research techniques. What are the potential problems with experimentation? How are these problems avoided?

 

8.   Give an example of an experiment in which an interaction is predicted. Draw a graph or create a data table that illustrates the predicted interaction.

 

9.   A researcher tests for the effects of caffeine on the recall of a list of 20 unrelated nouns and finds that there is no difference between the experimental group and the control group in the number of words they recall. The mean number recalled by the experimental group was 19.5 words and the mean number recalled by the control group was 19.0 words. What is one possible problem that might explain these results? Suggest a way to correct the problem in a future experiment.

 

10.                Imagine that you are testing the relative effectiveness of a new reading program for English-speaking vs. bilingual children using a quasi-experimental design. What are some of the steps you would take to obtain equivalent groups for your experiment?

 

 

Kantowitz Test Bank – Chapter Five

 

1.   The first part of a psychology article is

2.   the heading introduction.

3.   the title.

4.   a brief summary of new findings.

5.   the major result of the experiment.

 

ANS:B

A-Head:How to do a Literature Search